Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuyisenzakalo esiguqule izimo zezulu zeplanethi yethu, okubangele ukwanda okukhulu kwezinga lokushisa lomhlaba wonke. Lokhu kwanda akuthinti amazinga okushisa nje kuphela kodwa kukhulise nezikhathi zesomiso nobukhulu besomiso, okwenza ihlobo libe nzima ukulibekezelela, ikakhulukazi ezifundeni ezifana nenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia. Iqembu lezazi zezwe laseNyuvesi yaseZaragoza lifinyelele esiphethweni esimangalisayo sokuthi ayisithupha kweshumi nesithupha ehlobo elome kakhulu okulotshwe kule ndawo kwenzeke eminyakeni eyishumi edlule. Lokhu ngokungangabazeki kuphakamisa umbuzo obalulekile mayelana nekusasa lesimo sezulu kanye nemvelo yalesi sifunda.
Ihlobo elomile kakhulu eSpain
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, iqiniso lehlobo laseSpain lishintshe kakhulu. Njengoba abaningi beye baqaphela, lawa mahlobo aya ngokuya oma futhi ashise. Lokhu kuthinte kakhulu imvelo yemvelo, kanye nokuba khona kwemithombo yamanzi ezindaweni ezahlukene zezwe. Ukuntuleka kwemvula kuphazamisa ukulingana okuntekenteke kwesimiso semvelo, esincike emanzini njengensika eyisisekelo yokuphila kwazo.
Ngocwaningo olusha, iNyuvesi yaseZaragoza isebenzise ukukhula okukhazimulayo kwezihlahla ezindala kakhulu zaseSpain ukuze yakhe kabusha isimo sezulu sakudala. Lokhu kuhlaziya kuhlonze iminyaka yesomiso esibucayi, kuhlanganisa 2003, 2005, 2007, 2012 no-2013 njengamahlobo ashisa kakhulu aqoshwe esikhathini esihlaziyiwe. Ucwaningo luye lwagqamisa indlela isomiso ebilokhu ikhula ngayo, iphakamisa ukukhathazeka okukhulu mayelana nokusimama kwesikhathi esizayo kwezinhlelo zemvelo kanye nemiphakathi ethembele kuzo.
Izimbangela nemiphumela yesomiso eSpain
Isomiso asiyona into entsha eSpain; Kodwa-ke, izitayela zamanje zisikisela ukuthi lokhu kuba yinkinga ekhulayo. Isimo sezulu seNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia asaziwa ngokuba nemvula eningi, kodwa ngokwesiko, inani lamanzi eliwa unyaka ngamunye liye lahlala lingashintshile. Manje, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kushintshile lo mkhuba, okuholela ekutheni Isomiso siba yinto eyenzeka kaningi ezindaweni zaseMedithera, njengoba kuxoxiwe kwezinye izifundo ezedlule.
Nakuba abantu kanye nezimiso zemvelo ziye zabonisa amandla athile okuzivumelanisa nesomiso, ukwanda kwemvamisa, ubukhulu, kanye namandla alezi zenzakalo ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kungaba nemiphumela edabukisayo yokusimama kwemvelo isikhathi eside. Ucwaningo oluvela eNyuvesi yaseZaragoza lubalulekile ekuqondeni kangcono le miphumela kanye nokubikezela ikusasa lapho isomiso siyinto evamile kunokuhlukile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i- Ihlobo lizoshisa ikakhulukazi esifundeni saseMedithera, okuqhubeka kugcizelela lezi zinkinga. Eqinisweni, ukuqagela kwesimo sezulu kubonisa ukuthi ihlobo laseSpain kulindeleke ukuthi lishise kakhulu.
Iqhaza lezihlahla ocwaningweni lwesimo sezulu
Ngocwaningo lokukhula kwe-radial Izihlahla ezingama-774 kwezinhlobo UPinus sylvestris y UPinus uncinata, esezintabeni zase-Iberia, ososayensi baye bakwazi ukukhipha ukwaziswa okubalulekile kwesimo sezulu. Lezi zihlahla ziye zaba ofakazi besimo sezulu sakudala, zivumela abacwaningi ukuba bahlaziye indlela eziye zasabela ngayo ezimweni zesimo sezulu phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, zibe negalelo ekuqondeni isimo sezulu. ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu eSpain kanye nobudlelwano bayo nesomiso.
Ubude bamarekhodi esimo sezulu esisetshenziswayo, avela eziteshini zesimo sezulu, bulinganiselwe, bufinyelela eminyakeni eyi-100. Lesi sikhathi sibhekwa "njengesingenele" ukuhlola isimo esiyingqayizivele sesimo sezulu samanje. Ngakho-ke, idatha etholwe ekulinganiseni ukhuni oluphuzi, oluhambisana nokhuni olumnyama kakhulu olukhiqizwa ezigabeni zokugcina zokukhula kwesihlahla sonyaka, lube lubalulekile ekwakheni kabusha isomiso sasehlobo enyakatho-mpumalanga yeSpain kusukela ekuqaleni kwamashumi eminyaka ekhulu le-XNUMX.
Isifundo sokuphayona eYurophu
Eqinisweni, lolu cwaningo luyiphayona eYurophu, njengoba kungokokuqala ukuthi iqembu locwaningo likwazile ukwakha kabusha, kusukela kumingcele ye-anatomical yezihlahla, i-Standardized Evaporation and Transpiration Index (SPEI), inkomba esivumela ukuthi sihlole ukucindezeleka okwengeziwe izinhlelo zemvelo ezingabhekana nazo lapho imvula iyancipha ngokungavamile esimweni samazinga okushisa aphezulu. Lokhu kuvumela abacwaningi ukuthi balinganise hhayi kuphela inani lamanzi atholakalayo, kodwa futhi nempilo iyonke ye-ecosystem phakathi nalezi zikhathi. Lolu hlobo lokuhlaziya lubalulekile esimeni lapho amarekhodi okushisa ziye zanda futhi ziye zahlotshaniswa nesomiso esikhathazayo.
Imiphumela etholiwe ihambisana nezinye izifundo ezenziwa e-Central Europe naseNyakatho Afrika, eziphinde zigqamise isimo esiyingqayizivele sesomiso sasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21 uma kuqhathaniswa namakhulu eminyaka amuva nje. Kukhona ukuhlobana okuqinile nezinguquko emaphethini omkhathi amakhulu, ikakhulukazi ukuphikelela kanye nokuma kwe-Azores ephakeme, okuye kwabonakala njengento eyinhloko ekwakhekeni kwalezi zikhathi ezomile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu okutholakele kusekela ukuqagela kombiko wakamuva ovela ku-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, oxwayisa ngokuthi lesi simo singase siqhubeke amashumi amaningi eminyaka.
Umthelela kuma-ecosystem kanye nemithombo yamanzi
Isomiso asithinti nje kuphela imvelo yemvelo, kodwa futhi sibe nayo imiphumela eqondile kwezolimo kanye nomnotho. Ukuntuleka kwamanzi atholakalayo kunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwezindawo zokulima, kwandisa ukuntuleka kokudla futhi kudala ukungezwani kwezenhlalo ezindaweni ezithinteke kakhulu. Imvelo yasemanzini nayo iyahlupheka, njengoba ukuncipha kokugeleza kwemifula namachibi kuthinta izilwane nezitshalo ezincike kulezi zindawo. Lesi simo sesibucayi kakhulu endaweni lapho Imvula yaseSpain incane unyaka ngamunye, isici esenza isomiso sibe sibi nakakhulu.
Njengoba izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile emhlabeni wonke liqhubeka nokukhuphuka, isomiso kulindeleke ukuba sivame kakhulu futhi sishube, okungase kubangele ukwanda kokuncintisana kwamanzi phakathi kwemikhakha ehlukene, okubhebhethekisa izingxabano zemvelo nezenhlalo. Lokhu kugqamisa ukuphuthuma kokubhekana ngempumelelo nomthelela wokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu emithonjeni yamanzi.
Idatha nezibalo zesomiso e-Spain
Ukuhlaziywa kwesomiso eSpain kuveza ukuthi, ehlobo eliyishumi nesithupha elomile kakhulu elikhonjwe enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia phakathi namakhulu amathathu eminyaka edlule, eziyisithupha zenzeke kule minyaka eyishumi edlule. Lesi siphetho esishaqisayo asigcini nje ngokugqamisa ubunzima benkinga, kodwa futhi sigcizelela isidingo esiphuthumayo sokuqalisa izinqubomgomo nezinyathelo zokubhekana nale nkinga. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kubalulekile ukuqhubeka nokuhlaziya umthelela we- ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu endaweni kanye nendlela okuholele ngayo ekwandeni kwezikhathi zesomiso.
Ngokwezibalo zango-2023, lo nyaka ukleliswe njengowomile kakhulu emlandweni wakamuva, okuhambisana nokuthambekela okusabalele kwesomiso eside eNhlonhlweni yase-Iberia nakwezinye izifunda zaseYurophu. Ngakho-ke, ucwaningo lwesimo sezulu kanye nokuphathwa kwemithombo yamanzi okusimeme kubalulekile ukuze kuncishiswe imiphumela yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu nokwenza ngcono ukusimama komkhakha wezolimo eminyakeni ezayo.
Imibono yesikhathi esizayo
Isimo samanje sidala izinselele ezinkulu: izibikezelo zibonisa ukuthi isomiso esishubile sizoqhubeka nokukhula. Izinqubomgomo zokulawulwa kwamanzi kuzodingeka ziguquke ukuze zivumelane nalezi zimo ezintsha. Kubalulekile ukugqugquzela ucwaningo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezinqubo zezolimo ezikwazi ukumelana nezimo, kanye nokongiwa kwemvelo nokuvuselelwa kabusha, ukuze kuliwe nemiphumela emibi yesomiso. Imfundo kanye nokuqwashisa ngokusetshenziswa kwamanzi ngendlela eqhubekayo kubalulekile ngokulinganayo ekulungiseleleni abantu ukubhekana nezinkinga zamanzi zesikhathi esizayo. Ngalo mqondo, kubalulekile ukuthi abantu bazi mayelana ihlobo ngokuya kushisa kulo lonke elaseSpain, okulindeleke ukuthi ziqhubeke nokuba nomthelela ekutholakaleni kwamanzi.
Ucwaningo lwezimbangela nemiphumela yesomiso alugcini nje ngokufunda, kodwa luye lwazuza imiphumela engokoqobo yokuthi kufanele sinakekele kanjani iplanethi yethu futhi sizivumelanise nezinguquko okuthi, nakuba ngokuvamile kunzima, kuyiqiniso elingenakugwenywa endleleni eya ekusasa elisimeme. Ngemizamo ebumbene nangengqondo, kungenzeka ukunciphisa imiphumela yesomiso futhi kuqinisekiswe ukutholakala kwamanzi ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.
