Ngemuva kokubonwa phambilini ezihlokweni ze- U-Alfred Wegener futhi i Umbono wokukhukhuleka kwezwekazi, isayensi yathuthuka kuze kube, ngo-1968, eyamanje ipuleti tectonics theory. Lo mbono uthi izigidigidi zeminyaka, amapuleti akha uqweqwe lwezwekazi abelokhu enyakaza kancane kodwa ngokuqhubekayo. Uma ufuna ukufunda kabanzi mayelana ne-plate tectonics, ngincoma ukuthi uqhubeke nokufunda lokhu okuthunyelwe
Ingemuva
Ngaphambi kokuba ama-plate tectonics amukelwe umphakathi wesayensi, Usosayensi u-Alfred Wegener uphakamise umbono we-Continental drift. Kwakususelwa enhlanganweni yokukhukhuleka kwamazwekazi. Uqoqe imininingwane eminingi echaza ukungabaza okuningi ngokuma kwamazwekazi nokusatshalaliswa kwezinhlobo zezilwane nezitshalo.
Ubufakazi bePaleoclimatic babuthwa obukhombisa uhlobo lwesimo sezulu esasikhona ezwekazini elikhulu elaziwa ngokuthi yiPangea. Izinsalela zezilwane ezazikhona ezwenikazi nakwelinye nazo zatholakala futhi kungenxa yokuthi ngaphambi kwalawo mazwe kwakha indawo eyodwa.
Uzibuthe wasemhlabeni nawo wawubalulekile kakhulu kumqondo wokuma kwamatshe nezimbiwa phansi. Lo mbono wamukelwa eminyakeni eminingi ngemuva kokushona kukaWegener. Noma kunjalo, Akuzange kuchazwe ukuthi kungani amazwekazi ahambile. Lokho wukuthi, bekuyini isizathu sokuthi amazwekazi akwazi ukuhamba kulo lonke uqweqwe lwamazwekazi. Impendulo inikezwa ngama-plate tectonics.
Ukunyakaza kungenxa yokwakheka okuqhubekayo kwezinto ezintsha ezivela engutsheni. Lokhu kwaziswa kudalwe kuqweqwe lwasolwandle. Ngale ndlela, impahla entsha inamandla kule ekhona futhi ibangela ukuthi amazwekazi agudluke.
Plate Dynamics
Njengoba sishilo, lo mbono ugcwalisa futhi uchaze ngokuphelele ukukhukhuleka kwezwekazi. Futhi kwakudingeka kuphela ukwazi ukuthi iyiphi injini eyenza amapuleti ezwekazi ahambe.
Amazwekazi ayahlangana noma ahlukane, izilwandle zivuleka, izintaba ziphakama, isimo sezulu siyashintsha, kuthonya konke lokhu, ngendlela ebaluleke kakhulu ekuguqukeni nasekuthuthukisweni kwezinto eziphilayo. Uqweqwe olusha luhlala lwenziwa olwandle. Leli gxolo likhula kancane kakhulu. Yehlisa kancane ukuthi ikhula kuphela ikhilomitha noma amabili ngonyaka. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kukhula okuqhubekayo kubangela ukuthi uqhekeko ezindaweni zemisele yolwandle lubhujiswe futhi kube nokushayisana phakathi kwamazwekazi.
Zonke lezi zenzo ziguqula ukukhululeka koMhlaba. Ngenxa yalokhu kushayisana nokunyakaza kwamapuleti kudaliwe izilwandle nezilwandle eziningi nezintaba ezinkulu njengezintaba zaseHimalaya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukucwaninga kwe-plate tectonics kusivumela ukuthi siqonde kangcono umsebenzi wokuzamazama komhlaba kanye nomthelela wawo emhlabeni wethu.
Isisekelo sombono
Ngokwenkolelo yama-plate tectonics, uqweqwe lomhlaba lwakhiwe izingcwecwe eziningi ezihamba ngokuqhubekayo. La mabhulokhi asekelwa ungqimba lwedwala elishisayo futhi eliguquguqukayo. Ukukhumbula izingqimba zomhlaba siyabona ukuthi engubeni ephezulu kukhona imibukiso ye-convection kubangelwe ukuguqulwa kobuningi bezinto zokwakha.
Ngokubona ukuthi ubukhulu bezinto zokwakha buhlukile, amadwala aqala ukusuka kokuminyene kuya kokuminyene kakhulu. Njengamandla asemkhathini, lapho ubukhulu bomoya bukhulu kakhulu, buzothuthela kuleyo ndawo lapho bungaminyene khona. Ukunyakaza kuhlala kufana.
Ukuhamba okuqhubekayo kwale mizila ye-convection yengubo yileyo leyo, njengoba ungqimba lwezinto amapuleti ahlala kuzo luguquguquka, oluzenza ziqhubeke nokunyakaza.
Izazi zokwakheka komhlaba zisasebenza namanje anginqumanga kahle ukuthi lezi zingqimba ezimbili zihlangana kanjani, kodwa izinkolelo-mbono eziphambili kakhulu zithi ukunyakaza kwento ewugqinsi, encibilikisiwe ye-asthenosphere iphoqa izingcwecwe ezingenhla ukuba zinyakaze, zizike noma ziphakame. Lokhu kusebenzisana kuyisihluthulelo sokuqonda izenzakalo ezifana nokuzamazama komhlaba nokudala izintaba-mlilo.
Ukuze kuqondwe kangcono, ukushisa kuvame ukukhuphuka. Kuma-dynamics eplanethi, ukushisa kuminyene kakhulu kunokubandayo, ngakho-ke kuhlala kuthanda ukukhuphuka futhi kuthathelwe indawo okubunjiwe. Ngakho-ke, phakathi kwesamba semisinga ye-convection yengubo nengcindezi etholwa ukuzalwa koqweqwe olwandle olusha, amapuleti aqhubeka nokunyakaza.
Isimiso esifanayo siyasebenza emadwaleni ashisayo angaphansi kobuso bomhlaba: impahla yengubo encibilikisiwe iyaphakamangenkathi udaba olubandayo nolukhuni lucwila ngokuya ezansi.
Izinhlobo zokunyakaza kwepuleti le-tectonic
Ukuhamba kwamapuleti ama-tectonic kuhamba kancane kakhulu njengoba sishilo ekuqaleni. Ngikwazi ukuhambisa kuphela ngejubane elingaba amakhilomitha ama-2,5 ngonyaka. Leli jubane licishe lifane nejubane ezikhula ngalo izipikili.
Ukunyakaza kwawo wonke amapuleti awekho ohlangothini olulodwa, yingakho evame ukungqubuzana, okuholela ekuzamazameni komhlaba. Uma lokhu kushayisana kwenzeka olwandle, kukhiqizwa ama-tsunami. Lokhu kungenxa yokushayisana kwamapuleti amabili olwandle.
Zonke lezi zenzakalo zenzeka ngamandla amakhulu emaphethelweni amapuleti. Lokhu kunyakaza kuvame ukungaqiniseki, ngakho ukuba khona kokuzamazama komhlaba akunakukwaziwa kusengaphambili. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukwazi izindawo ezisengozini enkulu yokuzamazama komhlaba, kokubili ukuvimbela kanye nokufundisa mayelana nalesi simo semvelo.
Izinhlobo zokunyakaza ezikhona yilezi:
- Ukuhamba Okuhlukile: Kulapho amapuleti amabili ehlukana futhi akhiqiza lokho okubizwa ngokuthi yiphutha (imbobo emhlabeni) noma uhla lwezintaba ezingaphansi kwamanzi.
- Ukuhamba okuguqukayo: Kulapho kuhlangana amapuleti amabili, ipuleti elincanyana licwila phezu kwalelo eliqinile. Lokhu kuveza izintaba.
- Ukuhambisa okushelelayo noma amaTransformer: Amapuleti amabili aslayida noma aslayida ezinhlangothini eziphambene. Zibanga nokwehluleka.
Uma konke lokhu sekwaziwa, ososayensi bangalinganisela ukwenzeka kokunye ukuzamazama komhlaba noma babikezele ukuhamba kwamazwekazi ngemuva kwezinkulungwane zeminyaka. Futhi ukuthi ukunyakaza kwamazwekazi kwamanje ukusuka kude komunye nomunye. Kodwa-ke, iStrait of Gibraltar izoba ngokuphelele ivaliwe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-150 nolwandle lwaseMedithera luyoshabalala. Eqinisweni, ucwaningo ngokuzamazama komhlaba ezindaweni ezahlukene, njengeNepal, lunganikeza ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana nalokhu kunyakaza okuqhubekayo.
Ngiyethemba uyithandile imfundiso yama-plate tectonics futhi wafunda okuthile kabanzi ngeplanethi yethu.
