Indlela Amagciwane Anganciphisa Ngayo Ukufudumala Kwembulunga yonke

Kubukeka sengathi ekugcineni kukhona ikhambi, ngaphandle kokuthi liyasebenza, elijabulisa ngempela. Imayelana ne- igciwane kusukela eku-odeni kweMethanosarcinales okutholwe yiqembu labacwaningi abavela eRadBoud University, eNetherlands, kanye naseMax Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology eBremen, Germany, abalungiselele ucwaningo olushicilelwe ku Iphephabhuku i-Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Ukutholakala okuthakazelisa kakhulu okungamela, ngaphandle kokungabaza, ngaphambi nangemuva kokulwa nemiphumela engalethwa ukufudumala komhlaba.

Abacwaningi bebevele besola ukuthi kukhona igciwane elingadla, hhayi i-methane kuphela, kepha ne-ayoni, kodwa kuze kube manje bebengakayitholi. Ngenhlanhla, bathole i-arch ukuthi isebenzisa i-iron ukuguqula i-methane ibe yi-carbon dioxide. Ngokwenza kanjalo, kunciphisa inani le-iron elitholakala kwamanye amagciwane, ngaleyo ndlela kuqalise i-cascade yamandla ethonya umjikelezo we-iron-methane kanye nokukhishwa kwe-methane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu kutholwa kuyingxenye yengqikithi yocwaningo oluqhubekayo mayelana ne ubudlelwano phakathi kwesikhunta nokufudumala komhlaba.

Futhi sengathi lokhu bekunganele, lezi archaea zingaguqula i-nitrate ibe yi-ammonium, okuwukudla kwama-anamnox bacteria, guqula i-ammonia ibe yi-nitrogen… Ngaphandle kokusebenzisa umoya-mpilo! Lokhu kusebenza ikakhulukazi ekwelashweni kwamanzi angcolile, njengoba kuvezwe nguBoran Kartal, ongungoti wezinto eziphilayo eMax Planck Institute, owangeze wathi:

"I-bioreactor equkethe i-anaerobic methane kanye ne-ammonium-oxidizing microorganisms ingasetshenziswa ukuguqula ngesikhathi esisodwa i-ammonium, i-methane, ne-nitrogen ene-oxidized emanzini angcolile ibe igesi ye-nitrogen ne-carbon dioxide, enamandla aphansi kakhulu okufudumala kwembulunga."

Nakuba babazi ngokuba khona kwalezi zikhuthazi-moya ze-methane ezincike ensimbi, abazange bakwazi ukuzihlukanisa. Nokho, bakwazile ukuzithola eqoqweni labo eliyisampula, futhi manje kungenzeka basetshenziselwe ukunqanda ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke.

Amagciwane amele insiza ebalulekile ekulweni nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nokufudumala komhlaba. Ngeyakhe ikhono lokugaya ama-compounds ahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa namagesi abamba ukushisa, lawa ma-microorganisms avela njengabangane ababalulekile ekwehliseni ukungcola okuyingozi.

Iqhaza elibalulekile lama-microbe ekuthunjweni kwekhabhoni

Njengoba abantu bezama ukulwa nemiphumela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, kungase kube isikhathi sokuphendukela kumagciwane njengekhambi lethu elibalulekile lokufudumala kwembulunga yonke. Amagciwane abangela izinguquko eziningi zomlando zemvelo ezilolonge uMhlaba. Lawa majeneretha empilo amancane asesinde izigidigidi zeminyaka, futhi ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo lungase lubambe izimpendulo ebesilokhu sizifuna sonke lesi sikhathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isifundo se- imiphumela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kumagciwane kuya ngokuya kuhambisana.

Amagciwane, okuhlanganisa amagciwane kanye nesikhunta, abalulekile ekugcineni a inhlabathi enempilo kanye nokulwa nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Isici esibalulekile kulo mongo yi- ukususwa kwe-carbon. Amagciwane omhlaba abalulekile ekuthathweni kwekhabhoni. Amagciwane athile kanye ne-algae aguqula isikhutha zibe izinto eziphilayo, ezibe sezigcinwa emhlabathini. Lokhu kusiza ukususa i-carbon dioxide eyengeziwe emkhathini, kunciphise imiphumela yokufudumala kwembulunga yonke.

Amanye amagciwane abalulekile enhlabathini abandakanyeka ekuthathweni kwekhabhoni yilawa:

• I-Mycorrhizal fungus: Lezi sikhunta zakha ubudlelwano obuvumelanayo nezimpande zezitshalo, zizisiza ukuba zimunce imisoco namanzi emhlabathini. Baphinde badlale indima indima ekuthathweni kwe-carbon ngokwandisa inani lekhabhoni eligcinwe emhlabathini.
• I-Actinobacteria: Lawa mabhaktheriya aziwa ngokubola udoti wezitshalo nezinye izinto eziphilayo, adedele isikhutha ohlelweni. Baphinde babambe iqhaza ekuthathweni kwekhabhoni ngokukhiqiza izinhlanganisela eziphilayo ezisiza ukuzinzisa izinto eziphilayo zomhlabathi.
• I-Rhizobia: Lawa mabhaktheriya enza ubudlelwane be-symbiotic nemifino, alungisa i-nitrogen emoyeni futhi ayenze itholakale esitshalweni. Le nqubo iphinde isize ukwandisa inani lekhabhoni egcinwe emhlabathini.
• I-Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus: Lezi sikhunta zakha ubudlelwano be-symbiotic nezinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo futhi zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuthathweni kwekhabhoni ngokwandisa inani lekhabhoni egcinwe emhlabathini.
• I-Proteobacteria: La magciwane abola udoti wezitshalo nezinye izinto eziphilayo, akhiphe isikhutha. Nokho, bangadlala indima indima ekuthathweni kwe-carbon ngokukhiqiza izinhlanganisela ezisiza ukuzinzisa i-organic matter.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Imithelela yokufudumala kwembulunga yonke ezimpandeni zezitshalo

Amagciwane kanye nomjikelezo we-nitrogen

I-nitrogen iyisakhamzimba esibalulekile ekukhuleni kwezitshalo, kodwa kufanele ibe sesimweni esifanele ukuze izitshalo ziyisebenzise. Amagciwane omhlaba dlala indima ebalulekile emjikelezweni wezakhi. Zibola izinto eziphilayo, njengezitshalo nezilwane ezifile, futhi zikhiphele izakhi ezibalulekile emhlabathini. Izitshalo zingakwazi ukumunca lezi zakhi futhi zizisebenzisele ukukhula nokukhula kwazo.

Isibonelo, amabhaktheriya alungisa i-nitrogen, njenge I-Rhizobium, guqula i-nitrogen yasemkhathini ibe uhlobo olungasetshenziswa izitshalo, njenge-ammonia noma i-nitrite. Le nqubo, ebizwa ngokuthi ukulungiswa kwe-nitrogen, ibalulekile ekukhuleni kwezitshalo eziningi, njengoba i-nitrogen iyingxenye ebalulekile yamaprotheni nezinye izakhiwo zamangqamuzana. Ukusebenzisana kwamagciwane nomjikelezo wenitrogen kubaluleke kakhulu enhlabathini nasenempilo ye-ecosystem.

Lawa amanye amagciwane abalulekile abandakanyeka kumjikelezo we-nitrogen:

• Amagciwane alungisa i-nitrogen: Lawa magciwane, njenge I-Rhizobia y I-Azotobacteria, ingaguqula i-nitrogen yasemkhathini ibe uhlobo olusetshenziswa izitshalo. Le nqubo, ebizwa ngokuthi ukulungiswa kwe-nitrogen, ibalulekile ekukhuleni kwezitshalo nempilo ye-ecosystem.
• Amagciwane e-ammonia-oxidizing: Lawa magciwane, njenge Nitrosomonas y I-Nitrosococcus, guqula i-ammonia ibe i-nitrite, okuwuhlobo olumaphakathi lwenitrogen.
• Amagciwane e-nitrite-oxidizing: Lawa magciwane, njenge I-Nitrobacter, guqula i-nitrite ibe i-nitrate, okungenye indlela emaphakathi ye-nitrogen.
• I-Denitrifying bacteria: Lawa magciwane, njenge Pseudomonas y I-Paracoccus, aguqula i-nitrate ibuyisele igesi ye-nitrogen, ekhishelwa emkhathini.

Amagciwane kanye nokukhula kwezitshalo

Amagciwane omhlaba adlala indima ebalulekile ekukhuleni kwezitshalo. Babola izinto eziphilayo, hlinzeka ngemisoco, khuthaza ukukhula kwezimpande futhi uvikele ezifweni. Amanye amagciwane kanye nesikhunta zisiza ukudiliza amangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo, njenge-cellulose ne-lignin, abe yizinhlanganisela ezilula ezingase zisetshenziswe izitshalo. Le nqubo, eyaziwa ngokuthi ukubola, ibuyisela imisoco ehlukahlukene emhlabathini, njenge-carbon, i-nitrogen, i-phosphorus nesibabule. Amagciwane omhlaba nawo akhiqiza amaningi amavithamini nezinye izinhlanganisela ezikhuthaza ukukhula futhi zimuncwa izitshalo. Isibonelo, amagciwane enhlabathi akhiqiza uvithamini B12, obalulekile ekukhuleni nasekuthuthukeni kwezitshalo.

Amanye amagciwane enhlabathini, njengesikhunta se-mycorrhizal, akha ubudlelwano be-symbiotic nezimpande zezitshalo. Lawa makhowe asiza ukwenza ngcono isimo ukumuncwa kwamanzi kanye nezakhamzimba ngezimpande zezitshalo, okuthuthukisa ukukhula nokuthuthuka kwazo. Amagciwane omhlaba angasiza futhi ukuvikela izitshalo ezifweni. Isibonelo, amabhaktheriya athile akhiqiza ama-antibiotics angabulala noma avimbele ukukhula kwamagciwane e-pathogenic, njengama-bacteria kanye nesikhunta, abangela izifo zezitshalo. Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwamagciwane nezitshalo kuyisici esibalulekile ekusimameni kwezolimo.

Umjikelezo wezakhi kanye nokubaluleka kwawo

Umjikelezo wokudla usiza umhlabathi. Ngaphezu kwe-nitrogen, amagciwane enhlabathini asiza ukujikeleza ezinye izakhi. izakhamzimba ezibalulekile, njenge-phosphorus ne-potassium, okwenza kube khona ekukhuleni kwezitshalo. Le nqubo, eyaziwa ngokuthi ukujikeleza kwezakhi, isiza ukugcina impilo yomhlabathi nokuvunda.

Lawa amanye amagciwane abalulekile abandakanyeka ekujikelezweni kwezakhi:

• Ama-decomposers: Lezi zinambuzane, njengesikhunta namagciwane, zibola izinto eziphilayo ezifile futhi zibuyisele umsoco wazo emhlabathini.
• Amagciwane e-Phosphorus-solubilizing: Lawa magciwane, njenge Bacillus y Pseudomonas, ingasebenzisa kabusha i-phosphorus emithonjeni engancibiliki, iyenze itholakale ezitshalweni nakwezinye izinto eziphilayo.
• I-Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria: Lawa magciwane, njenge Thiobacillus y I-Beggiatoa, idlala indima ebalulekile emjikelezweni wesibabule ngokufaka inhlanganisela yesibabule nge-oxidizing, okwenza isibabule sitholakale kwezinye izinto eziphilayo ezisesimisweni semvelo.

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Ukunciphisa ukungcoliswa komhlabathi

Amagciwane omhlaba anganciphisa wakho ukungcola. Izinqubo eziningi zezimboni kanye nemikhiqizo yabathengi ikhiphela amakhemikhali ayingozi endaweni ezungezile, ingcolise inhlabathi. Kodwa amanye amagciwane angakwazi ukudiliza lezi zinto ezingcolile, asize ekuhlanzeni inhlabathi engcolile futhi avikele i-ecosystem. Kubalulekile futhi ukucabangela ukuthi ukungcola kuyithinta kanjani imijikelezo yemvelo ye-biogeochemical.

Lapho imfucumfucu ibola, ikhipha i-methane, enye igesi ebamba ukushisa enamandla. I-Methane iyigesi enamandla ebamba ukushisa enomthelela ekufudumaleni komhlaba futhi ingaba nomthelela omubi emizamweni yokubamba ikhabhoni.

Amanye amagciwane, ikakhulukazi izinhlobo ezithile ze-archaea namagciwane, abandakanyeka ekukhiqizeni i-methane. Isibonelo salokhu yi-methanogenic archaea. Lawa magciwane anesibopho sokukhiqiza i-methane ezindaweni eziningi eziphila ngaphansi kwe-anaerobic, njengamaxhaphozi, amasimu erayisi, kanye nomgudu wokugaya ukudla kwezilwane ezelusayo. Bakhiqiza i-methane njenge-byproduct yemisebenzi yabo ye-metabolic, ebandakanya ukubola kwezinto eziphilayo. Ngakho-ke, kuyafaneleka ukuphenya ukuthi ukungcola kuyithinta kanjani imijikelezo yomhlaba ye-biogeochemical.

Ukukhiqizwa kwe-methane ngalawa magciwane kungadedela amanani abalulekile egesi emkhathini, okungaba nomthelela omubi esimweni sezulu kanye nemizamo yokuqothula ikhabhoni. Nokho, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi akuwona wonke amagciwane ahilelekile ekukhiqizeni i-methane ayingozi. Amanye amagciwane, njengalawo abandakanyeka ekukhiqizweni kwe-biogas, angaboshelwa ukukhiqiza amandla avuselelekayo kuyilapho kunciphisa ukukhishwa kwesisi esibamba ukushisa.

I-Microbiome nempilo yenhlabathi

I-microbiome yomhlabathi enempilo ibalulekile ekugcineni impilo yomhlabathi kanye nokukhuthaza ezolimo ezisimeme. Amagciwane adlala indima ebalulekile empilweni ye-microbiome yomhlabathi ngezindlela eziningi:

• Ukubola: Amagciwane, njengesikhunta namagciwane, abola izinto eziphilayo ezifile futhi abuyisele izakhi zawo emhlabathini, asekele ukukhula kwezitshalo nezinye izinto eziphilayo.
• Umjikelezo Wokudla: Amagciwane adlala indima ebalulekile ekujikelezeni kwezinto ezibalulekile, njenge-carbon, i-nitrogen, i-phosphorus, nesibabule, ngokusebenzisa i-ecosystem. Lokhu kusiza ukugcina ibhalansi yemisoco emhlabathini futhi kuyenze itholakale ezitshalweni nezinye izinto eziphilayo.
• Isakhiwo somhlabathi: Amagciwane, njengesikhunta se-mycorrhizal, angasiza ukuthuthukisa ukwakheka kwenhlabathi ngokwenza amanethiwekhi e-hyphae ahlanganisa izinhlayiya zomhlabathi ndawonye. Lokhu kungasiza ngcono ukugcinwa kwamanzi, ukunciphisa ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi futhi kwandise impilo yomhlabathi jikelele.
• Ukunciphisa izifo: Amagciwane angasiza ukucindezela izifo zezitshalo ngokuncintisana nama-pathogen ukuthola izinsiza, ukukhiqiza ama-antibiotics, nokukhuthaza ukukhula kwezimpande okunempilo.
• Ukulawula izinambuzane: Amagciwane angaba nengxenye ekulawuleni izinambuzane ngokukhiqiza ubuthi obuyingozi ezinambuzaneni nakwezinye izinambuzane nangokukhuthaza ukukhula kwezitshalo ezimelana nezinambuzane.

Ukuhlolwa kwebhayoloji yomhlabathi kubalulekile ekuqondeni impilo yomhlabathi kanye nendima ye-microbiome ekukhiqizeni izitshalo. I-Biome Makers ihlinzeka ngokuhlaziywa kwenhlabathi yebhayoloji ebizwa ngokuthi i-BeCrop Test. Ukuhlolwa kwe-BeCrop kuyasebenziseka kubalimi ngoba lokhu kuhlaziywa kwenhlabathi yebhayoloji kukhombisa izindlela zomsoco ezivimbekile, ukuhlukahluka kwamagciwane, ubudlelwano phakathi kwesikhunta namagciwane, ukutholwa kwengozi yezifo, nokukhiqizwa kwamahomoni kanye nokuzivumelanisa nengcindezi. Ngale datha, abalimi bangafaka isicelo umanyolo noma imikhiqizo yebhayoloji okunembe kakhudlwana ukuhlonza izinkinga ezithile, ukonga isikhathi nemali nokwandisa isivuno sezitshalo nekhwalithi.

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Amagciwane kanye nezifo

Ukudluliswa nokusabalala kwama-microorganisms e-pathogenic, izinga lokuphindaphinda kwawo kanye nokuphila endaweni ezungezile, kuthonywa kakhulu imvula, umswakama olinganiselwe, izinga lokushisa, usawoti, nomoya. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu nakho kungathinta ukuvela nokusabalala kwe izifo ezithathelwanayo kokubili ezindaweni zasolwandle nasemhlabeni. Kungase futhi kube nomthelela empilweni ye-ecosystem, isici esifanele ukunakwa, ikakhulukazi kumongo we imiphumela yokufudumala kwembulunga yonke empilweni.

Isibonelo, kukhona ukuxhumana phakathi kokukhuphuka kwamazinga okushisa olwandle kanye nezifo zamakhorali: ukufudumala kolwandle kungashintsha i-coral microbiota, okunomthelela ekuveleni kwezifo ezithile. I-Ocean acidification ingabangela ukulimala kwezicubu ezinhlanzini, kwenze amasosha omzimba azo abe buthaka futhi kukhuthaze ukuhlasela kwamagciwane e-pathogenic. Kwenzeka okufanayo ngezilwane ezihlala emanzini lapho amazinga okushisa enyuka. Ezingeni eliwumhlaba, amagciwane amaningi ezitshalo nezitshalo azwela ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa futhi athonywa isimo sezulu.

Ukwanda kokumelana nama-antibiotic phakathi kwamanye amagciwane omuntu nakho kuye kwaxhunyaniswa nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Kuye kwaphakanyiswa ukuthi ukunyuka kwezinga lokushisa kungase kuthande ukudluliswa okuvundlile kwezakhi zofuzo zokumelana nokwanda kwezinga lokukhula kwe-pathogen. Amagciwane athwalwa yizilwane, njengomiyane nemikhaza, asakazwa ngokudla, emoyeni, noma ngamanzi angase abe sengozini yokuthola imiphumela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.

Amasu amasha ku-microbial biotechnology

I-Microbial biotechnology ingahlinzeka ngezixazululo ezintsha zokuthuthukiswa okuzinzile. Ucwaningo luyaqhubeka lokuxhaphaza ama-microorganisms ngofuzo ukwandisa amandla abo okunciphisa i-N.₂O kuye N₂ emkhathini, ukuze kunqandwe ukukhishwa kwale gesi; Sebenzisa i-rumen microbiota ukuze unciphise ukukhiqizwa kwe-CH₄; sebenzisa ama-microorganisms ukukhiqiza ama-biofuels kanye nokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezimbiwa phansi; noma ukuguqulwa kwakamuva kwebhaktheriya ukusebenzisa i-CO₂.

Akungabazeki ukuthi ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kungathinta izinga amagciwane ashintsha ngalo i-nitrogen neminye imijikelezo ye-biogeochemical. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuqonda umthelela wama-microorganisms ku-ecosystem nokuthi lezi nazo zithintwa kanjani ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu.

Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi lawa ma-microorganisms awabalulekile nje kuphela empilweni yenhlabathi kanye nezolimo, kodwa futhi nasemhlabeni. impilo yomhlaba wonke yeplanethi, ezisebenza njengezilawuli zesimo sezulu futhi zisebenza njengezihlungi zemvelo zamagesi abamba ukushisa.

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