Izincwadi ze-Geology kungenzeka zengeze izwekazi elisha maduzane: I-Zealand. Ngendawo ye Amakhilomitha ayizigidi eziyizigidi ezingu-4,9, icishe icwiliswe ngokuphelele emanzini oLwandlekazi iPacific, kangangokuthi izingxenye zayo ezibonakalayo okuwukuphela kwazo iNew Zealand neNew Caledonia.
Ukuba khona kweZeadia kusanda kuqinisekiswa ososayensi abavela esikhungweni saseNew Zealand Isayensi ye-GNS, osekuphele iminyaka engu-20 ephenya ukuthi kungenzeka kube khona leli zwekazi. Ngokusebenzisa idatha eqoqwe izinzwa ezingaphansi kwamanzi, bakwazile ukuthola indawo ehlanganisa ndawonye izimo ezidingekayo ukuze zichazwe njengezwekazi.
Ungase ucabange ukuthi iqiniso lokuthi has cishe the U-95% wendawo yawo ingaphansi kwamanzi bekuyokwanela ukungalifaki njengezwekazi. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuthi inendawo echazwe kahle, uqweqwe olushubile kunephansi lolwandle, futhi iphakeme kunendawo eyizungezile, kube nokwenzeka ukuyikhuphulela esimweni sezwekazi, ngokocwaningo olushicilelwe kujenali ye-Geological Society of America (GSA).
Isazi sokuma komhlaba nomholi wocwaningo, U-Nick Mortimer, wazwakalisa ukuthi lokhu okutholakele ngeke kusebenze nje kuphela ukuyengeza ezincwadini zesayensi, kodwa futhi nokukwazi hlola ukubumbana nokuhlakazeka koqweqwe lwezwekazi. Yizwekazi elincanyana nelincane kunawo wonke aseke atholakala, okuthi, naphezu kokucwiliswa emanzini, alikahlukani.
UMortimer nethimba lakhe banethemba lokuthi iZealandia izobonwa umphakathi wesayensi futhi ivele ebalazweni lomhlaba. Naphezu kokuba cishe ngaphansi kwamanzi ngokuphelele, idatha yesathelayithi nosesho locwaningo lubonisa ukuthi i izwekazi lasebukhosini. Kodwa-ke, kuzodingeka balinde abanye abacwaningi ukuba bakhulume ngakho ezifundweni zabo.
Umlando we Zealandia
Ukutholakala kweZealandia kunezimpande zayo esikhathini esidlule, lapho izazi zokwakheka komhlaba ezivela eGreece yasendulo ezifana I-Aristotle, I-Eratosthenes futhi kamuva nomdwebi wamabalazwe UPtolemy Bakhuluma ngezwekazi elicatshangelwayo abalibiza ngokuthi Terra Australis Ignota. Efuna le nqwaba yomhlaba, umhloli wamazwe waseDashi U-Abel Tasman Ngo-1642 wazithela phezu kweziqhingi esizazi namuhla ngokuthi iNew Zealand, nakuba lawo mazwe ayebonakala emancane kakhulu ukuba abe yilokho ayekufuna.
Selokhu kwatholakala uTasman, kube khona iminyaka 375 kwaze kwaba yilapho iqembu lososayensi liqinisekisa ukuthi leli zwekazi, elaziwa ngokuthi iZealandia, lalikhona ngempela, nakuba iningi lalo lingaphansi kwamanzi. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi i Amaphesenti angama-94 obuso bawo acwile emanzini.
Ucwaningo olusha olushicilelwe ku Ama-Tectonics Ososayensi be-GNS Science bakhiqize imephu eqondile ye-Zealandia. Leli zwekazi lihamba phambili Amakhilomitha ayizigidi eziyizigidi ezingu-5, futhi akuzange kutholakale kuze kube manje ukuba khona kwayo indawo egcwele. Umlando we Zealandia uxhumene nalowo we UGondwana, izwekazi lasendulo elikhulu elahlukana phakathi emakhulwini ezigidi zeminyaka edlule, okwabangela uquqaba lwezwe esilwaziyo namuhla. Ucwaningo lwamazwekazi kubalulekile ukuqonda lo mongo.
Izici Geological of Zealandia
I-Zealandia yahlukana ne-Gondwana cishe 80 izigidi zeminyaka. Ngokungafani namazwekazi angomakhelwane, njenge-Antarctica ne-Australia, ahlala engaphezulu kwezinga lolwandle, iningi lendawo yeZealandia icwile emanzini. Iziqhingi zase I-New Zealand, I-Caledonia entsha, kanye nezindawo ezincane njengesiqhingi sase INkosi uHowe kanye nephiramidi ye ball phuma phezu kwamanzi.
Ucwaningo lwethimba likaMortimer lenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuchaza i izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zazilahlekile of Zealandia futhi wenze ngcono amamephu akhona. "Ukuqoshwa kwemephu yendawo yolwazi yalo lonke izwekazi elingu-5 million km2 weZealandia manje sekuqediwe emhlabeni nasolwandle," kusho uMortimer.
Ukuze kuqondwe i-geology ye-Zealandia, ithimba lihlaziye amasampula edwala nenzika kusukela phansi olwandle, ikakhulukazi emigodini yokubhoboza kanye nasogwini lweziqhingi. Phakathi kwezinto ezihlaziywe yilezi: ama-basalts, amatshe esihlabathi y amatshe e-sandstone. Amatshe esanti atholwe engowobudala obuphezulu be-Upper Cretaceous (cishe iminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-95) futhi aqukethe igwadule lakwa-Early Cretaceous namatshe entaba-mlilo. Ama-basalts abhalwa ku-Eocene, eneminyaka engaba ngu- 40 izigidi zeminyaka. Lokhu kuhlaziya kunikeza idatha yokuqonda i- ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo esifundeni.
Imiphumela, kanye nedatha evela anomalies zesifunda kazibuthe nezinye izifundo, zasiza ososayensi ukuba benze imephu ye-geology engaphansi kwamanzi yaseNyakatho ye-Zealand. Indawo yokuqala yaseYurophu yokubona le ndawo kwaba ngo-1642 ngu-Abel Tasman. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, abanye abahloli bamazwe nososayensi baye bahamba ngomkhumbi emanzini ase Zealandia befuna leli zwekazi elilahlekile, bengazi ukuthi babentanta ngaphezu kwalo.
Imiphumela yokutholakala kweZealandia
Uqweqwe lwezwekazi ngokuvamile lucishe lube ngamafidi angu-1000 ukushona. 40 km futhi ijiyile ngokuphawulekayo kunoqweqwe lwasolwandle, ngokuvamile olucishe lube nalo 10 km. Uma kuqhathaniswa, iZealandia ine cishe 20 km ukujula ngoba inkundla yayo yande kakhulu ngesikhathi ihlukana noGondwana. Nakuba lagcina licwile, alizange licwile ezingeni elivamile loqweqwe lwasolwandle.
Ngokusekelwe ekujuleni koqweqwe lwawo kanye nohlobo lwamadwala enziwe ngawo, ososayensi bathi i-Zealandia ihlangabezana nazo zonke izindlela zokuthathwa njengezwekazi. Lokhu kuqashelwa kuye imiphumela ebalulekile, hhayi ngokwesayensi yokwakheka komhlaba kuphela, kodwa nakwezombangazwe nezomnotho.
La I-United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ivumela amazwe ukuthi anwebe izindawo zawo ezisemthethweni ezedlula i-Exclusive Economic Zone, efinyelela 370 km kusukela ogwini lwayo, ukuze ifune ishalofu layo elinwetshiwe lezwekazi, elihlanganisa imithombo yamaminerali ne-petroleum. Ngakho, ngokubonisa ukuthi iZealandia iyingxenye yezwekazi elikhulu, iNew Zealand yayingabona insimu yayo yanda. amahlandla ayisithupha.
Lokhu kuholele ekwenyukeni kwemali etholakalayo ukuhlola olwandle yesifunda, okwenza ucwaningo lwe.
Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, kuye kwenziwa izifundo nocwaningo oluningi ngeZealandia. Okukodwa kwe okutholakele okubaluleke kakhulu ibonisa ukuthi uqweqwe lwaleli zwekazi luncane kakhulu kunezinye izixuku zezwekazi, kodwa luhlangabezana nemibandela embalwa elibeka njengezwekazi elisemthethweni. Ucwaningo lwakamuva luphakamise ukuthi i-Zealandia inomlando ocebile we-geological onganikeza ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana izinqubo ze-tectonic kanye nokuvela koMhlaba.
Ngo-2021, ucwaningo lwaphakamisa ukuthi i-Zealandia inokuningi iminyaka eyizigidigidi, cishe okuphindwe kabili kwalokho okwakukholelwa ocwaningweni lwangaphambilini. Lokhu kuphinde kugqamise ukubaluleka kweZealandia ku-geology, njengoba kungenzeka ingenye yezakhiwo ezindala kakhulu eMhlabeni.
Ikusasa le-Zealandia kwezesayensi nokuhlola
Ukuhlukaniswa kweZealandia kuhlukaniswe izifunda ezimbili eziyinhloko: iNorth Zealand (noma iSifundazwe SaseNtshonalanga) kanye neNingizimu Zealand (noma IsiFundazwe SaseMpumalanga). Lezi zakhiwo ezimbili zihlukaniswa yi-Alpine Fault kanye ne-Kermadec Trench, kanye ne-Hikurangi Plateau. Lokhu kwehlukana kusivumela ukuthi sifunde ukuthi i-Zealandia yakhiwa kanjani nokuthi ihlobana kanjani nezindawo zomhlaba eziseduze emlandweni wokwakheka komhlaba.
Njengoba amazinga olwandle eguquguquka ngezikhathi ezahlukene, kuphakanyiswe ukuthi izwekazi ladlala indima ebalulekile ekusungulweni kolwandle. I-Pacific Volcanic Ring of Fire. Lokhu okutholakele ngeke kuguqule kuphela indlela esicabanga ngayo ngendawo yoLwandlekazi i-Pacific, kodwa kuzophinde kunikeze namathuba amasha ocwaningo lwesayensi.
Umphakathi wesayensi uyaqhubeka nokutadisha i-Zealandia ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana ne-plate tectonics, umsebenzi wentaba-mlilo, kanye nokuvela kwezitshalo nezilwane zakule ndawo. Ucwaningo lwakamuva luveze ukuthi izintaba-mlilo zase Zealandia ziye zaqhuma izikhathi eziningana kuwo wonke umlando wayo, kodwa okwamanje, umsebenzi wentaba-mlilo uphansi ngaphandle kwasezindaweni ezithile ezithile.
Kuzazi zesayensi yokwakheka komhlaba emhlabeni wonke, i-Zealandia imele iwindi lezinkathi ezidlule kanye nethuba lokujulisa ukuqonda kwethu ukuthi amapuleti e-tectonic akuthonya kanjani ukwakheka kwamazwekazi nomthelela wawo emhlabeni. izinqubo ezakha umhlaba. Ngokuhambisana nalezi zindlela, intshisekelo ekhulayo yokuhlola olwandle ingase inyuse inani ledatha etholakalayo kuleli zwekazi elingaphansi kwamanzi.
