Umsebenzi u-Artemis II, owathi Yaqala ngempumelelo yaya eNyangeni, isingene ngokusemthethweni esigabeni sayo sokubuya Ngemva kokuqeda uhambo lomlando lokudlula eNyangeni oluthathe amalungu ayo amane abasebenzi ibanga elide kunanoma yimuphi umuntu owake wahamba, i-Orion capsule, ngemva kwezinsuku eziningana esikhaleni esijulile, manje isibuyela eMhlabeni ilandela indlela ehlelwe ngokucophelela ehlanganisa izinjini kanye namandla adonsela phansi.
Lokhu kuqalisa kokubuya akuyona nje indlela yobuchwepheshe: kuphawula ukuphela kohambo lokuqala oluhamba nabantu Ngale komjikelezo woMhlaba, lo msebenzi uqalwe kusukela ohlelweni lwe-Apollo futhi uvula isahluko esisha ekuhloleni kwenyanga. Nakuba wawungafaki ukufika enyangeni, wasebenza ekuhloleni izinhlelo ezibalulekile, ukuthola ukubonwa okubalulekile kwesayensi, nokukhombisa ukuthi isintu singaphinde sisebenze ngokuphephile endaweni yenyanga.
Iphuzu lokuguquka: kusukela ekuphepheni kwenyanga kuya ohambweni lokubuyela emuva
Isikhathi esibalulekile sosuku senzeka lapho umkhumbi Yaqeda ukuzungeza iNyanga futhi yenza umzamo okusibeka endleleni yokubuyela eplanethini yethu. Sisebenzisa amandla adonsela phansi eNyanga, i-Orion iqondise kabusha indlela yayo ngaphandle kwesidingo sokulungiswa okwengeziwe okuyinkimbinkimbi, ilandela lokho okwaziwa ngokuthi indlela yokubuyela ngokukhululekile, uhlobo lomjikelezo oluzuzwe ohlelweni lwe-Apollo futhi oluvumelaniswe nobuchwepheshe bamanje.
Le ndlela yokubuya yamahhala ivumela lokho noma ngabe kunezinkinga zenjiniI-spacecraft iqinisekisiwe ukuthi izobuyela ekhaya ngenxa yokusebenzisana kwamandla adonsela phansi phakathi koMhlaba neNyanga. Lesi sinqumo sokuklama sihloselwe ukukhulisa ukuphepha kwabasebenzi, njengoba Imininingwane ye-NASA ekumbozweni kwayonokuthi, kulolu hambo, kuye kwavumela isikhathi esengeziwe sokuzinikezela ekubukeni kwesayensi esikhundleni sokusebenzisa izindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Isigaba sokugcina sokudlula emhlabeni saqala cishe 20:45 p.m. Isikhathi se-peninsular yaseSpain futhi kwahlala isikhathi esingaphezu kwamahora ayisithupha nesigamu. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, i-Orion yazungeza ngokuphelele isathelayithi, yafinyelela endaweni okungenani engamakhilomitha angu-6.545 ngaphezu kobuso benyanga, okuyindlela eseduze kakhulu yomsebenzi wonke.
Ngemva nje kwalelo phuzu lokusondela eduze, indizamkhathi yaqala ukuphakama, futhi ngemva kwemizuzu emibili, Yabeka irekhodi elisha lebanga ukusuka eMhlabeniAmakhilomitha angu-406.771, edlula irekhodi lika-Apollo 13. Lesi sibalo senza u-Artemis II abe umsebenzi onabantu oye wahamba ibanga elide kakhulu kuneplanethi yethu.
"Ukuthula komsakazo" ohlangothini olude lweNyanga
Esinye sezigcawu ezifanekisela kakhulu indiza kwakuyi- ukulahlekelwa ukuxhumana noMhlaba cishe imizuzu engama-40-41Lapho i-Orion ingena ohlangothini olude lweNyanga, ngo-0:44 ngesikhathi saseSpain, isignali yanqanyulwa njengoba kwakuhleliwe, okwaholela esikhathini sokuhlukaniswa ngokuphelele kwabasebenzi.
Lokhu okubizwa ngokuthi "ukuthula komsakazo" Akubhekwe njengokwehluleka noma isigamekokodwa umphumela ongenakugwenywa wokuhamba uye ohlangothini olude lweNyanga. Isethelayithi isebenza njengetshe elikhulu, elingamakhilomitha angaba ngu-3.500 ububanzi, livimba ngokuphelele amagagasi omsakazo phakathi kwe-capsule nama-antenna asemhlabeni. Lokhu kwase kwenzekile kakade ngesikhathi semishini ye-Apollo, kodwa kulokhu kwahambisana nokusetshenziswa okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili kokubonwa kwesayensi.
Imizuzu embalwa ngaphambi kokulahlekelwa yisignali, osomkhathi bavalelisa ngomyalezo ofingqa kahle ubukhulu bomsebenzi womuntu. “Siyakuthanda, kusukela eNyangeni”UVictor Glover udlulise lo mlayezo ngaphambi nje kokuba ukuxhumana kulahleke. Besuka esikhungweni sokulawula eHouston, baphendule ngokuthi “Sizobonana ngakolunye uhlangothi,” inkulumo ekhumbuza ngqo isiko lokundiza kwenyanga ngasekupheleni kwawo-1960.
Phakathi naleyo mizuzu engama-40 yokunqanyulwa kwesitimela, amalungu amane eqembu ayephambi kwamehlo abo. uhlangothi olude lwesathelayithi kuphelaindawo engabonakali eMhlabeni ngenxa yokujikeleza kweNyanga okuhambisanayo. Lapho, bakwazi ukubona imigodi, izintaba, kanye nezakhiwo ze-geological ngobukhulu obuthathu, nobukhulu obubonakalayo obukhulu njenge-"basketball" obubanjwe ngobude bengalo, njengoba kuchaziwe kusuka emkhathini ngokwawo.
Ngo-1:25 ekuseni, kusesesikhathini saseSpain, isignali yabuyiselwa. Izithombe ezibukhoma zibonise isigcawu esingakaze sibonwe ngaphambili: Umhlaba omncane obonakala ngemuva kweNyanga enkuluZombili zimise okwenyanga. Lo “Mhlaba ophumayo” ohlangothini olukude usube ngesinye sezimpawu ezibonakalayo zika-Artemis II.
Amarekhodi omlando kanye neqembu elihlukahlukene
Ngalo msebenzi, i-NASA iphule amarekhodi amaningana ngesikhathi esisodwa. Okokuqala, U-Artemis II uphawula ukubuyela kwesintu ekujikelezeni kwenyanga. Ngemva kweminyaka engaphezu kwengxenye yekhulu kungekho muntu okhona kuleyo ndawo, kusukela ku-Apollo 17 ngo-1972, akukho qembu elalisondele kangaka eNyangeni kusukela ngaleso sikhathi.
I-Orion spacecraft, enabahambi ngezinkanyezi uReid Wiseman, uVictor Glover, uChristina Koch, noJeremy Hansen, ikwazile ukuzibeka endaweni yayo. Amakhilomitha angama-406.771 ukusuka eMhlabeni, idlula irekhodi lomlando lebanga elaliphethwe yi-Apollo 13 kusukela ngo-1970. I-capsule yayisivele iphule lelo rekhodi emsebenzini we-Artemis I ka-2022, yize ngaleso sikhathi yandiza ngaphandle kweqembu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakheka kweqembu kubonisa inkathi eshintshayo. Okokuqala ngqa, owesifazane, usomkhathi wase-Afrika-waseMelika, kanye nomKhanada Bayingxenye yomsebenzi oqhutshwa ngabasebenzi ngale komjikelezo ophansi woMhlaba. UChristina Koch ube ngowesifazane wokuqala ukufinyelela umjikelezo wenyanga; uVictor Glover, umsomkhathi wokuqala omnyama ukwenza kanjalo; kanye noJeremy Hansen, umsomkhathi wokuqala wangaphandle ukuhlanganyela emsebenzini wenyanga we-NASA.
Kuze kube manje, abantu abangu-24 kuphela ababebone iNyanga eduze ngamehlo abo, bonke bengamadoda, abaseMelika nabamhlophe, ababengamalungu omkhankaso we-Apollo phakathi kuka-1968 no-1972. Amalungu amane e-Artemis II andisa lelo qembu elincane futhi ziqokomisa uhlobo lwamazwe ngamazwe nolwahlukahlukene lohlelo olusha lwenyanga.
Ngesikhathi sendiza, abasebenzi babefuna ukubonga labo abavule indlela. UmKhanada uJeremy Hansen uchaze ukuthi inhloso yakhe kwakuwukuthi Kwangathi la marekhodi amasha angadlula ngokushesha ezizukulwaneni ezizayo zezazi zezinkanyezi, okukhuthaza ukuhlola ukuthi kube umzamo oqhubekayo hhayi impumelelo eyodwa.
Ukuqaphelwa kwesayensi okuvela ekujikelezeni kwenyanga
Ngale kwezinyathelo ezibalulekile, i-Artemis II ngokusobala ibigxile kwisayensi. Ithimba lanikela ingxenye enkulu yesigaba sokuhamba ngendiza ukuze bheka futhi uthwebule isithombe sobuso benyanga, ikakhulukazi ohlangothini olukude, kulandela uhlelo lomsebenzi olulungiselelwe yithimba lesayensi lemishini.
Phakathi namahora ayisikhombisa okubuka okujulile, osomkhathi Bagxile ezindaweni ezingu-35 ezithakazelisayo Bakhethwa kusengaphambili. Basebenza ngokushintshana kwabantu ababili: kuyilapho omunye ethatha izithombe, omunye echaza lokho abakubonayo ngemininingwane eminingi ngangokunokwenzeka, kusukela kumbala wendawo kuya ekubunjweni nasekhoneni lezithunzi. Abanye abasebenzi babenomthwalo wemfanelo wokulungiselela iseshini yomsebenzi elandelayo nokugcina ukuxhumana neHouston lapho ukuxhumana kutholakala.
Enye yezinhloso ezibaluleke kakhulu kwakuyi- I-Mare Orientale, indawo enkulu yokuhlasela Itholakala phakathi kwezinhlangothi eziseduze nezikude zeNyanga, lesi sakhiwo, esingamakhilomitha angu-930 ububanzi, sivela eMhlabeni njenge-"bull's-eye," kodwa sasingakaze sibonwe sonke ngumuntu osebenza emkhathini. Izindiza ze-Apollo, ezaziphansi futhi zinezimo zokukhanya ezahlukene, zazivumela kuphela ukubonwa kwezingcezu ezihlakazekile.
Ukubuka okuqondile kwavumela osomkhathi ukuthi babone ukuhlukahluka kombala okungaphezu kokumpunga okuvamileBachaze imibala eluhlaza, onsundu, kanye nohlaza okwesibhakabhaka—imibala engasiza ekunqumeni ukwakheka kwamaminerali kanye nobudala bamatshe. Ngokusho kososayensi be-NASA, iso nobuchopho bomuntu kuthola izinguquko ezincane embala kanye nokuthungwa ngezinye izikhathi ezingabonwa ngamakhamera azenzakalelayo.
Ngesikhathi bendiza ngaphesheya kolunye uhlangothi, abasebenzi nabo baqopha imigodi yomthelela, ukugeleza kwe-lava yasendulo, imifantu, kanye nezintaba eziphakeme Lokhu okutholakele kunikeza izinkomba mayelana nokuvela kweNyanga ngokwejiyoloji. Lonke lolu lwazi, oluhlanganiswe nedatha eqoqwe yizihloli kanye nezindilinga eminyakeni embalwa edlule, luzosiza ekuchazeni kangcono izindawo zokufika zesikhathi esizayo kanye nezindawo ezithakazelisa kakhulu ukuhlola isayensi.
Ukufiphala kwelanga okuphelele okubonwe kusuka esikhaleni esijulile
Esinye sezimo eziphawuleka kakhulu ezabonwa yiqembu lendiza senzeka ngemuva nje kokuvuselela ukuxhumana noMhlaba. Ngenxa yesikhundla esiqondile se-Orion ekujikelezeni kwayo okubuyayo, Izazi zezinkanyezi ezine zikwazile ukubona ukufiphala kwelanga okuphelele okwakungabonakali kunoma iyiphi indawo ebusweni boMhlaba.
Umcimbi waqala cishe ngo-2:35 (isikhathi sase-Spain), lapho Ilanga laqala ukucashelwa ngemva kwenyanga.Njengoba kwenziwa nganoma yikuphi ukufiphala kwelanga okubonwe eMhlabeni, abasebenzi basebenzise izibuko ezikhethekile ngesikhathi sesigaba esingesiphelele. Kodwa kulokhu, lesi simo sahlala isikhathi eside kunokujwayelekile: ukuphelela kwahlala cishe ihora, ngezibalo ezisukela kumaminithi angu-53 kuya kwangu-57 ngokusho kwemibiko ehlukene yomsebenzi.
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, iNyanga yabonakala njengediski emnyama cishe ngokuphelele, izungezwe yi- i-corona yelanga, ungqimba olungaphandle kakhulu lomkhathi weLangaOsomkhathi basebenzisa lokhu kuhlangana okuphelele phakathi kwe-Orion, iNyanga, neLanga ukuze bahlaziye ngokuningiliziwe ukuma nokukhanya kwaleyo corona, kanye nokungahambi kahle okungenzeka okuhlobene nomsebenzi welanga.
Ngesikhathi sobumnyama, abasebenzi babenakisisa izenzakalo ezingavamile Lezi zenzakalo zingabonakala kuphela uma ingxenye yobuso benyanga ingatholi ukukhanya kwelanga okuqondile. Babike ukukhanya okuningana, okungenani okuyisithupha, okubangelwa ama-meteorite athinta ubuso benyanga ngesivinini esikhulu, uhlobo lwesenzakalo esithakazelisa kakhulu abacwaningi abafunda izinga lokushayisana eNyangeni.
Umshayeli womkhumbi, uVictor Glover, uchaze lesi sigameko njengenye yezinto ezimangalisayo ohambweni, kanye ukukhanya koMhlaba kukhanyisa ingxenye enkulu yeNyanga kancane kancane ngenkathi iLanga lifihliwe. Kulabo abaphethe uhlelo, lolu hlobo lokubuka luhlanganisa ulwazi oluqondile lwabantu nokuqoqwa kwedatha ngaphansi kwezimo ezazingenakuphindwa kusetshenziswa ama-probe erobhothi kuphela.
Izithombe ezidumile kanye nezimpendulo ezivela eMhlabeni
Izithombe ezithathwe ngesikhathi sokuhamba kwenyanga seziqalile ukusabalala emhlabeni wonke. I-White House ikhiphe izithombe ezibonisa uMhlaba kusukela ohlangothini olude kweNyanga, kanye nesithombe sokufiphala kwelanga okubonwe emkhathini. Umyalezo ohambisana nesinye salezi zithombe, “Isintu esivela kolunye uhlangothi,” uhlanganisa kahle uphawu lwalesi sikhathi.
Phakathi kwezigcawu ezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu kukhona Ukushona kwelanga nokuphuma kwelanga komhlaba Kusukela emkhathini wenyanga, kuthathwe njengoba i-Orion iqeda uhambo lwayo ngemuva kwesathelayithi. Lezi zigcawu ziqhathaniswe nezithombe ezidumile "zokuphakama komhlaba" zesikhathi sika-Apollo, yize manje zinekhwalithi yesithombe ephezulu kakhulu kanye nombono ohlukile kancane ngenxa yomjikelezo okhethiwe.
ISpain neYurophu zilandele eduze intuthuko yalesi sigaba somsebenzi, kokubili ngenxa yentshisekelo yaso yesayensi kanye nomthelela waso kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nezimboni. Izinkampani eziningana zaseYurophu kanye nezikhungo zocwaningo zihlanganyela ekwakhiweni nasekusekelweni kwezobuchwepheshe kwe-Orion nezinye izakhi zohlelo lwe-Artemis, okwenza lesi sifunda sibe ngumdlali obalulekile kule nsimu. umlingani ofanele ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo esisha senyanga.
Lo mkhankaso ube nezingxenye zawo zezepolitiki kanye nabezindaba. Embikweni osakazwe yi-NASA, uMongameli wase-United States wabonga abasebenzi ngomkhankaso wabo. indima yobuphayona ekubuyeni komuntu eNyangeni futhi wagcizelela inhloso yokwenza ukuba khona kwe-US ku-satellite kube okuzinzile kakhudlwana, ngale kokuvakasha okulula ngezikhathi ezithile.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-NASA isivele ilungiselela ukukhishwa okuhlelekile kwayo yonke imininingwane yomsebenzi. Kulindeleke ukuthi izithombe, umsindo, kanye namarekhodi esayensi Imininingwane evela endaweni edlulayo izotholakala emphakathini wabacwaningi emasontweni azayo, uma indiza ebuyayo isiqediwe futhi ubuqotho bolwazi olugcinwe endizeni seluqinisekisiwe.
Imbuyiselo edingayo: ukufika emanzini kanye nokuqinisekiswa kwezinhlelo
Ingxenye yokugcina yohambo luka-Artemis II izoba yinkimbinkimbi njengoba imangalisa. Ngemva kwezinsuku eziningana zohambo oluya eMhlabeni, i-Orion capsule ihlelelwe... IMelika oLwandlekazi iPacific, ogwini lwaseCaliforniaekupheleni komsebenzi othathe cishe izinsuku eziyishumi. Ezinye izilinganiso zibeka indawo yengozi eduze kwaseSan Diego, lapho amaqembu ezempi kanye nezakhamuzi esekulungele khona.
Ngaphambi kokuthinta amanzi, indizamkhathi kumele inqobe esinye sezigaba ezibaluleke kakhulu zokundiza: ukungena kabusha emkhathini woMhlabaNgaleso sikhathi, isivikelo sokushisa kuzodingeka simelane namazinga okushisa aphezulu kakhulu abangelwa ukungqubuzana nomoya ngesivinini esikhulu kakhulu. Kuphela ngemva kokunqoba lesi sithiyo lapho uhlelo lweparashuti luzoqala khona, lunciphise kancane kancane i-capsule kuze kube yilapho i-splashdown iwa.
Onjiniyela be-NASA bagcizelela lokho Lokhu kubuyiselwa kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ubuchwepheshe Lezi zinhlelo zizosetshenziswa njalo emisebenzini ezayo. Ngesikhathi sokubuya, zonke izinhlelo ezisemotweni zizoqashwa: ukuqhutshwa, ukuxhumana, ukwesekwa kokuphila, ukuphathwa kwamandla, kanye nokulawula ukushisa, phakathi kokunye. Umgomo uwukuqinisekisa ukuthi azikho izinkinga ezibalulekile ezenzekile nokuthi umklamo usebenza njengoba bekulindelekile.
Indlela yamanje ihilela izinsuku eziningana zokundiza okuzolile, lapho Ithimba lizoqhubeka nokwenza ukuhlolaizivivinyo kanye nemisebenzi yokulungisa, kanye nokuphatha ukuxhumana nethimba lasemhlabeni. Uma sibheka phambili ohambweni lokufika enyangeni oluzayo, lolu lwazi luzosiza ekulungiseni izinqubo, amashejuli omsebenzi, kanye nezinqubo zokuphepha.
Uma i-capsule isitholiwe ngemuva kokuyikhipha emanzini, kuzocutshungulwa ngokuningiliziwe isakhiwo sayo, izinto zokwakha, kanye nemishini yangaphakathi. Le nqubo yokuhlola izoba yisihluthulelo sokuqonda indlela abaziphatha ngayo. isivikelo sokushisa, imodyuli yabasebenzi, kanye nezixhumi zokuxhumana endaweni yangempela yokundiza enyangeni, ulwazi olungenakuphindwa ngamaphesenti ayikhulu ekuhlolweni komhlaba.
Ibhuloho eliya emisebenzini yenyanga yesikhathi esizayo
I-Artemis II isebenza njengetshe elibalulekile ngaphakathi kwesu elibanzi le-NASA kanye nabalingani bayo bamazwe ngamazwe, kuyilapho I-NASA isebenza ukuletha ukwethulwa futhi iqondisa izinyathelo ezilandelayo eziya ku-Artemis III. Impumelelo yalolu hambo lokuhamba oluhamba nomuntu luzungeze iNyanga Kuyisidingo esidingekayo ukuze udlulele e-Artemis III, umsebenzi ohlose ukubuyisela osomkhathi ebusweni besathelayithi.
Nakuba uhlelo lwe-Apollo lugxile ochungechungeni lokufika enyangeni isikhathi esifushane, indlela yamanje igxile ku ukuba khona okuqhubekayo endaweni yenyangaIhlanganisa isiteshi sokuzungeza sesikhathi esizayo esibizwa ngokuthi i-Gateway, amamojula omhlaba, izinhlelo zezokuthutha kanye, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ingqalasizinda ezovumela ukuhlala isikhathi eside futhi isebenze ngisho nanjengesisekelo sokufinyelela ohambweni oluya e-Mars.
Kulo mongo, lokho okwenziwa yiqembu le-Artemis II manje—ukuqinisekisa izilawuli, ukutadisha impendulo yomzimba womuntu, kanye nokubhekana nokuhlinzwa isikhathi eside esikhaleni esijulile—kuhunyushwa ngokuthi ukuzijwayeza izingubo zohambo oluzayoYonke inqubo, konke okubonwayo, kanye nayo yonke idatha eqoqwe phakathi nalolu hlelo kufakwa enkambisweni yokufunda eqoqwe okufanele inciphise izingozi esikhathini esizayo.
IYurophu, kanye neSpain ikakhulukazi, balandela le ntuthuko ngentshisekelo, hhayi nje ngenxa yokuthakazelisa okuvuswa ukuhlola isikhala, kodwa futhi nangenxa yokuthi ingxenye ebalulekile yobuchwepheshe be-Orion nezinhlelo ezihlobene nayo Kwenziwa endaweni yaseYurophu ngenxa yezivumelwano ne-European Space Agency (ESA). Lokhu kuqinisa indima yezwekazi ekuhloleni kwabantu ngale komjikelezo woMhlaba.
Ngokuqala kokubuya kuka-Artemis II, kuyacaca ukuthi Umngcele wenyanga awuseyona inkumbulo yesikhathi esidlule ukuze iphinde ibe yisigaba esisebenzayo sokuhlola. Ukundiza kwe-Orion kuzungeze iNyanga, okuhlangenwe nakho kwabasebenzi ngesikhathi sokuthula komsakazo, ukubonwa kwesayensi ohlangothini olude, kanye nokufiphala kwelanga okubonwa kusuka esikhaleni esijulile kwakha umsebenzi ohlanganisa ubuchwepheshe, isayensi, kanye nezimpawu ngokulinganayo, futhi lokho kuvula indlela yokuthi izizukulwane ezizayo zezazi zezinkanyezi zingagcini nje ngokubeka unyawo eNyangeni futhi, kodwa zihlale lapho isikhathi eside.
