I-asteroid (3) Juno ingenye yezindikimba zamatshe ezithakazelisa kakhulu futhi ezingaqondakali ebhandeni elikhulu le-asteroid., indawo yesimiso sonozungezilanga esigcwele izinto ezizungeza phakathi kweMars neJupiter. Naphezu kokuba enye yama-asteroids amakhulu kakhulu atholakala kuze kube manje, i-Juno ayikutholi ukunakwa okuningi njenge-Ceres noma i-Vesta. Kodwa-ke, kusukela ekutholakaleni kwayo ekhulwini le-19, bekulokhu kuyisihloko sezifundo eziningi zezinkanyezi ngokuma kwayo, ukuziphatha kwe-orbital, kanye negalelo kwisayensi yeplanethi.
Kulesi sihloko sizohlola umlando, izici, izinto ezisanda kutholwa kanye nokufaneleka kwezinkanyezi ze-asteroid Juno.. Sisebenzisa ulwazi oluqinisekisiwe oluvela emithonjeni yesayensi ehamba phambili kanye nokubhekwa kwezinkanyezi, sizofunda ukuthi le ndikimba yasezulwini ibe negalelo kanjani ekuqondeni kwethu isimiso sonozungezilanga nokuthi kungani sihlala sibalulekile ocwaningweni lwasemkhathini.
Ukutholwa kweJuno: igugu lekhulu le-19
UJuno watholwa ngoSepthemba 1, 1804 nguKarl Ludwig Harding ovela eSchröter Observatory eLilienthal, eJalimane. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakuyi-asteroid yesithathu ukukhonjwa, ngemuva kukaCeres noPallas. Leli gama lakhethwa ukuhlonipha unkulunkulukazi wamaRoma uJuno, umkaJupiter ezinganekwaneni.
Isikhathi esithile, i-Juno yayibhekwa njengeplanethi, njengabanduleli bakhe uCeres noPallas. Nokho, ngokutholakala kwemizimba eminingi efanayo kuleso sifunda somkhathi, yaphinde yafakwa ohlwini lwaba yi-asteroid. Ubukhulu bayo obuncane kanye nokuma okungajwayelekile nakho kwayivimbela ekuthathweni njengeplanethi encane ngokwezincazelo zesimanje ze-International Astronomical Union.
Izici ezingokomzimba ze-asteroid Juno
I-Juno iyi-asteroid yohlobo lwe-S, okungukuthi, enamatshe.. Lolu hlobo lwe-asteroid lwakhiwe kakhulu ngama-silicates nezinsimbi, futhi luvame ukutholakala ebhandeni eliyinhloko. Umumo wayo ongajwayelekile ulinganiselwe ngobukhulu obulinganiselwe be 320 x 267 x 200 amakhilomitha, okuyenza ibe ngeminye yemizimba emikhulu yohlobo lwayo.
Isilinganiso sobubanzi singamakhilomitha angama-234., nakuba njengoba sibonile, ubukhulu bayo bangempela bubonisa isimo esingesona isiyingi. Lokhu kubukeka kuqinisekiswe ukubonwa kwe-optical and thermal, okuveza indawo "enesigaxa" enokukhululeka okuvelele.
Esinye sezici zikaJuno ezigqama kakhulu ukuba khona kwe-crater enkulu enethonya.. Le crater, elinganiselwa ku-100 km ububanzi, iwubufakazi bokushayisana okunamandla nenye into yasemkhathini. Izithombe ezithwetshulwe ngezibonakude ezifana ne-Hooker telescope e-Mount Wilson Observatory, kanye nokubhekwa kwe-ALMA, kubonisa ngokucacile lesi sici sokwakheka komhlaba, okungenzeka siwumphumela wesenzakalo sakamuva ngokwemibandela yezinkanyezi.
Ukukhanya nokukhanya: i-asteroid ebonakalayo ngokumangazayo
I-Juno igqama nge-albedo yayo ephezulu noma ikhono lokubonisa ukukhanya kwelanga. Le mfanelo iyenza ibe enye yama-asteroids akhanya kakhulu ebhandeni, abonakale kalula ngezibonakude ezincane ngisho nama-binoculars ngesikhathi sokuphikisa okuthile. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivumayo, ingafinyelela ubukhulu obubonakalayo obungu-+7.5, icwebezele kune-Neptune noma i-Titan.
Kodwa-ke, ezindaweni eziningi eziphikisayo, i-Juno ihlala ilingana no-+8.7, osakhanya ngokwanele kumathuluzi okubona aphakathi nendawo. Ukubonakaliswa kwayo cishe kungenxa yendawo enamaminerali acebile ngama-silicates, kuhlanganise i-olivine ne-pyroxene, ngokusho kokuhlaziywa kwe-spectroscopic.
Izifundo ku-Juno zikuqinisekisile ukubonakala kwayo okuphezulu, okuphinde kuyixhumanise ne ibhande le-asteroid, lapho itholakala khona nalapho ezinye izindikimba zasezulwini ezithakazelisayo zikhona.
I-Eccentric orbit kanye nokujikeleza okusheshayo
I-orbit ka-Juno i-eccentric ngokuphawulekayo, inkulu kune-Pluto, engavamile uma kucatshangelwa ubukhulu bayo. Ibanga eliphakathi nendawo ukusuka eLangeni liyi-2,67 AU (Astronomical Units), kodwa lokhu kuhlobana kuyenza isondele eLangeni (perihelion) enkulu kunaleyo yaseVesta futhi isuke (aphelion) inkulu kunaleyo yaseCeres.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, inokuthambekela kwe-orbital okucishe kube ngu-12°, okuphinde kuyihlukanise neminye imizimba eminingi ebhande le-asteroid. Kuyathakazelisa ukuqaphela ukuthi ukuzungeza kwayo kube nezinguquko ezincane cishe ngonyaka we-1839, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuphazamiseka okukhulu kwamandla adonsela phansi, okungenzeka kubangelwe ukudlula eduze kwenye enye i-asteroid engaziwa.
Mayelana nokuzungezisa, i-Juno iqeda ukuguquguquka ku-eksisi yayo njalo emahoreni angu-7.2., okubhekwa isikhathi esifushane se-asteroid yobukhulu bayo. Lokhu kujikeleza okusheshayo kwathathwa futhi kwahlaziywa kusetshenziswa izithombe ze-ALMA eziqophe u-60% wokuzungezisa kwakho emahoreni amane nje.
Ukubaluleka kwesayensi kweJuno
Intshisekelo yesayensi ku-Juno ilele ekwakhekeni kwayo, ukwakheka nokuziphatha kwe-orbital.. Kuyikhandidethi elihle kakhulu lokufunda ngokuvela kwesistimu sonozungezilanga yangaphakathi kanye nezinqubo zokubunjwa kwamaplanethi. Njengoba yenziwe ngama-chondrite avamile, i-Juno ingamelela izinto zasendulo ezingacutshungulwanga ezivela esimiso sonozungezilanga.
Esinye isici esithakaselekayo kube umnikelo walo ongaqondile ekulinganisweni kwamathuluzi ezinkanyezi. I-Juno yaba inkanyezi yokuqala eyabonwa inkanyezi, ngo-February 19, 1958. Lolu hlobo lomcimbi lunikeza ulwazi oluningiliziwe mayelana nobukhulu nokuma kwe-asteroid ngokukala ubude besikhathi sokufiphala.
Kulo mongo, kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ukufundwa kwama-asteroids afana ne-Juno kunomthelela ekuqondeni ukuthi isistimu sonozungezilanga yakheka kanjani, isihloko esacwaningwa kabanzi kusayensi yeplanethi, njengoba kuchaziwe Sakheka kanjani isimiso sonozungezilanga.
Izifundo zakamuva nge-ALMA kanye nokubuka okushisayo
Ngo-Okthoba 2014, indawo yokubuka i-ALMA yathola izithombe ezingakaze zibonwe ze-Juno usebenzisa amaza amamilimitha akhishwa i-asteroid ngokwayo, engaboniswa yiLanga. Le nqubo ivumela ukukhishwa kwayo okushisayo ukuthi kuqinisekiswe, iveze imininingwane engekho ekuhlolweni okungokwesiko kwe-optical.
Isixazululo esifinyelelwe sasicishe sibe amakhilomitha angu-60 ngephikseli ngayinye, ehlanganisa cishe ingxenye yesine yendawo ebonakalayo ye-asteroid. Izithombe ziqinisekise ukuma kwayo okude kanye nokungahambi kahle osekuphakanyiswe amanye amamodeli wangaphambilini adalwe ngokukhanya okubonisiwe.
Ngenxa yalobu buchwepheshe, kwakungenzeka ukufunda Amazinga okushisa angaphezulu ezindaweni ezahlukene zeJuno, ephetha ngokuthi angafinyelela ku-301 K (cishe u-28 °C) endaweni ezungezile. Izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile elabonwa lalingu-293 K ngosuku luka-Okthoba 2, 2001.
Ukumelwa kwamasiko kanye nokuba khona kunganekwane yesayensi
UJuno akagcinanga ngokudonsa ukunaka komphakathi wesayensi. Kube njalo futhi emelelwe kusikompilo oludumile kanye nenganekwane yesayensi. Encwadini kaGreg Bear ethi "Eon", uvela ngaphansi kwegama elithi Thistledown. Futhi ku-anime eyisakhiwo sodumo ethi "Mobile Suit Gundam" (1979), ibizwa kabusha ngokuthi i-Luna II, esebenza njengendawo yokuhlinzeka nge-orbital yamakholoni omkhathi eduze neNyanga.
Ukubuka i-Juno kusukela eMhlabeni
Ukubuka i-Juno ngezibonakude ezinamandla noma izibonakude ezincane kungenzeka. phakathi nezivivinyo zokuncintisana. Ezikhathini ezithile zonyaka, ikakhulukazi uma iseduze neLanga futhi iphikisana noMhlaba, iba yindawo efinyeleleka kalula yezinkanyezi.
Ekuphikiseni okuhle okwabonwa ngo-Ephreli 26, 2016, yafinyelela ku-10, ibonakala ngasempumalanga lapho kuhwalala emlaza we-Virgo. Indlela yayo ingalandelwa kusetshenziswa amashadi asezulwini, futhi ingabonakala njengephuzu elikhanya kancane kunezinkanyezi njengoba ihamba kancane esibhakabhakeni ebusuku.
Elinye lamacebiso avamile okuwathola ukuqapha ukunyakaza kwawo ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ezilandelanayo usebenzisa i-astrophotography noma amashadi enkanyezi abuyekeziwe. Lena yindlela ehlukaniswa ngayo nesizinda esingaguquki sezinkanyezi.
I-Juno imele ucezu olubalulekile kuphazili yesistimu sonozungezilanga. Ukwakheka kwayo, ukuziphatha okuguquguqukayo, indawo eyinkimbinkimbi, kanye negalelo elingokomlando kusayensi yezinkanyezi kuyenza ibe into eyisisekelo yokufunda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqaphela kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obusha, obufana ne-ALMA, kuvula umnyango wedatha enemininingwane eyengeziwe ezothuthukisa ukuqonda kwethu ibhande le-asteroid kanye nokwakheka kwamaplanethi. Ngokungafani nezinye, imizimba ephakeme kakhulu, i-Juno iyaqhubeka nokuzungeza buthule, ubufakazi bakudala ezigabeni zokuqala zesimiso sonozungezilanga.
