Ngomhla zingama-30 kuNhlangulana 1908, ukuthula kwesifunda saseSiberia eduze koMfula iTunguska kwaphazanyiswa ukuqhuma okukhulu okwacekela phansi indawo engaphezu kuka. Amakhilomitha skwele. Iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu, okuthiwa Tunguska umcimbi Kube yisihloko socwaningo kanye nezinkolelo-mbono ezingenakubalwa ezizama ukuchaza ukuthi kwenzekani ngempela.
Kusuka emandleni okuba nomthelela a meteorite ukuze izincazelo exotic ngaphezulu ezifana izimbobo ezimnyama o ukuhlolwa kwezobuchwepheshe okuhlulekile, lesi senzakalo siseyimpicabadala ethakazelisayo yesayensi nesayensi yezinkanyezi. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola ngokuningiliziwe bonke ubufakazi, imibono, kanye nezifundo zesayensi ezizame ukwembula le mfihlakalo.
Kwenzekani eTunguska ngo-1908?
Ekuseni ngo-June 30, 1908, i-fireball enkulu yawela esibhakabhakeni saseSiberia, okwalandelwa ngokushesha ngemva kokuqhuma okwakuzwakala ukubhonga kwayo emakhulwini amakhilomitha. I shock wave wawisa ngaphezu 80 billion izihlahla futhi yaqoshwa ama-seismographs nama-barometers ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zaseYurophu.
Ngokungafani neminye imicimbi efanayo, akukho crater etholakele lapho okwaqhuma khona, kwashiya ososayensi bedidekile. Ngobusuku obulandela ukuqhuma, isibhakabhaka sase-Asia naseYurophu sasikhanya nge- ukukhanya okungajwayelekile, okwaholela ekuqageleni ngezinhlayiya ezimisiwe emkhathini.
Uhambo lokuqala nezifundo
Uhambo lokuqala olusemthethweni lokuphenya le ndawo aluzange lwenzeke kwaze kwaba ngu-1927, lapho usosayensi waseSoviet Leonid Kulik uhole ithimba elizocwaninga ngemiphumela yalesi simo. U-Kulik wathola ukuthi izihlahla zazihlelwe ngendlela ethile: wawisa phansi ngokukhulu, kodwa ngaphandle kwe-crater emaphakathi.
Ubunzima bokufinyelela endaweni benza uphenyo lwaqhubeka kancane, kodwa u-Kulik nethimba lakhe bakwazi ukuqoqa ubufakazi bendawo lokho kuchaza a ukukhanya okuphuphuthekisayo okulandelwa igagasi lokuthuka lokho kwawisa abantu futhi kwaphahlaza amafasitela amamayela kude.
Imibono emikhulu mayelana nomcimbi waseTunguska
Kuwo wonke ama-20th kanye ne-21st century, kuye kwavela imibono ehlukahlukene ezama ukuchaza ukuthi kwenzekani ngempela eTunguska. Abanye bakhona yamukelwe ngokwesayensi, kuyilapho ezinye ziwukuqagela noma azikholeleki.
I-Meteorite impact hypothesis
Ithiyori eyamukelwa kakhulu ithi a i-meteorite noma i-asteroid ephakathi kwamamitha angama-50 no-200 ububanzi Yangena emkhathini woMhlaba futhi yaqhuma endaweni ephakeme phakathi kwamakhilomitha angu-8 kuya kwangu-10. Lokhu kuqhuma kukhiphe amandla alinganiselwa ku phakathi kuka-10 no-30 megatons, elilingana namakhulu amabhomu e-athomu.
Ucwaningo lwakamuva luveze ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi into ibiyi-a insimbi meteorite engakaze ibe nomthelela oqondile eMhlabeni, kodwa yadlula eduze ngokwanele ukuze idale igagasi lokushaqeka elibhubhisayo.
I-comet hypothesis
Enye i-hypothesis ikhombisa ukuthi umcimbi waseTunguska udalwe yi- inkanyezi enomsila eyakhiwe kakhulu yiqhwa. Lokhu bekuyoqhuma lapho kungena emkhathini, kuhwamuke ngokuphelele futhi kuhambe kuphela izinhlayiya ezincane emvelweni.
Ukuntuleka kwe-crater kungenye yamaphuzu aqinisa lo mbono, njengoba inkanyezi enomsila yayingeke ishiye izinsalela eziqinile phezulu ngemva kokuqhuma emoyeni.
Ezinye izincazelo
- Ngo-1965, kwahlongozwa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ukuqhuma kwakubangelwa antimatter, inkolelo-mbono eye yaphikiswa isayensi yemvelo yesimanje.
- Ngo-1973, kwabekwa umbono wokuthi umcimbi waseTunguska udalwe yi- umgodi omnyama omncane owawela uMhlaba.
- Ezinye izinkolelo-mbono zokuqagela ziphakamisa ukuthi ukuqhuma kungenzeka kube umphumela we umkhumbi wangaphandle eyaphahlazeka eSiberia.
Ucwaningo lwesimanje nokuhlaziywa kwedatha
Eminyakeni yamuva, uphenyo oluhlukahlukene luye lwazama ukucacisa imfihlakalo yaseTunguska ngamamodeli athuthukile kanye nokutholwa okusha. Ucwaningo olushicilelwe ngo-2020 ngabakwa- I-Royal Astronomical Society iphakamisa ukuthi umcimbi ngabe udalwe a insimbi asteroid eyadlula emkhathini ngaphandle kokuthinta indawo engaphezulu.
Ezinye izifundo ziye zahlaziya ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuthi izinsalela zomthelela zitholakala ku- Ichibi Cheko, etholakala eduze nendawo eqhuma kuyo ukuqhuma, kodwa kuze kube manje akukakaqinisekiswa ukuthi leli chibi liyi-voltage crater.
Umcimbi waseTunguska usalokhu uyimpicabadala isayensi esaqhubeka nokuphenya. Nakuba imibono eyamukelwa kabanzi ikhomba inkanyezi noma inkanyezi enomsila, kusenemibuzo engaphenduleki mayelana nomthelela, igagasi lokushaqeka, kanye nokungabikho kwezinsalela zomzimba. Lesi senzakalo sisikhumbuza ukuba sengozini kweplanethi yethu ebusweni bezinto zasemkhathini kanye nokubaluleka kokuqhubeka nokufunda lezi zenzakalo ze-cosmic.