Namuhla sizokhuluma ngolwandle oluthola leli gama kepha eliyichibi lamanzi amunyu. Imayelana ne- ICaspian Sea. Ulwandle lweCaspian luwumzimba wamanzi azungezwe ngokuphelele umhlaba futhi ngaphandle kokufinyelela okuqondile olwandle noma olwandle. Ngakho-ke, uma silandela incazelo enikezwe ku-geology, ihlangothini hhayi ulwandle. Inezinga elithile losawoti futhi ihlukaniswa njengechibi elikhulu eliphakathi nezwe noma i-endorheic basin emhlabeni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kubhekwa njengolwandle oluncane kunazo zonke emhlabeni.
Ngakho-ke, sizonikezela le ndatshana ukukutshela zonke izici, i-geology kanye nelukuluku loLwandle iCaspian.
Izici eziyinhloko
Lapho ucubungula uLwandle iCaspian noma ichibi, umuntu kufanele futhi abheke nesici somthetho. Isibonelo, uma kuzobhekwa njengolwandle ngamazwe alukhawulelayo, futhi imithombo yemvelo ekhona ezikhwameni zayo kungaba impahla yasogwini lwezwe ngalinye. Uma kungenjalo, uma sikhuluma ngechibi, izinsiza ezingaphansi zizohlukaniswa ngokulinganayo phakathi kwamazwe asezindaweni eziseduze.
ULwandle iCaspian lusempumalanga Yezintaba ZaseCaucasus ngokucindezeleka okujulile phakathi kweYurophu neAsia. Singamamitha angama-28 ngaphansi kogu lolwandle. Amazwe aqhamuka ezungeze uLwandle iCaspian yi-Iran, i-Azerbaijan, iTurkmenistan, iRussia neKazakhstan. Lolu lwandle lwakhiwe ngemicengezi emithathu: maphakathi noma maphakathi nenyakatho nomcengezi oseningizimu.
Umcengezi wokuqala mncane kunawo wonke, uhlanganisa ingxenye yesine yendawo yonke yolwandle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingxenye engashoni kakhulu esingayithola kule ndawo. Umgodi ophakathi nendawo ungamamitha angu-190 ukujula, okuvumela ukuba khona kwenani elikhulu lemithombo yemvelo, nakuba ojulile kakhulu useningizimu. Umfula oseningizimu uphethe u-2/3 wengqikithi yamanzi oLwandle lweCaspian.
Ububanzi obuphelele balolu lwandle ngokwesilinganiso cishe ngamakhilomitha angama-230. Endaweni ebanzi kunazo zonke iyakwazi ukukala amakhilomitha angama-435 kanti ubude bayo cishe bungamakhilomitha ayi-1030. Ingxenye ejulile iyindawo lapho umhlaba ukhuphuka khona ngokungazelelwe ekujuleni kwamamitha ayi-1.025. Indawo ephelele yolwandle ingamakhilomitha-skwele angama-371000 nomthamo wamanzi wamakhilomitha-skwele angama-78.200. Kungashiwo ukuthi lolu lwandle luqukethe ngaphezu kwama-40% awo wonke amanzi asezwekazini lomhlaba. Nakuba ingenayo indlela eya olwandle, lwalungekho ulwandle, yondliwa imifula eminingi engena kulo.
Phakathi kwemifula ebaluleke kakhulu egeleza kulolu lwandle kukhona i-Ural, iTerek, i-Atrak neKura. Lesi ngesinye sezizathu esenza laziwe ngokuthi ulwandle, njengoba imifula eminingi ingena kulo. Futhi, uma uthanda ukufunda okwengeziwe mayelana nezinye izilwandle zase-asiya, lesi sihloko singase sibe nesithakazelo kuwe.
Ukwakhiwa koLwandle lweCaspian
Amanzi alolu lwandle anosawoti omncane, yize cishe kungokwesithathu kuphela kasawoti wamanzi olwandle. Lokhu kungenxa yephesenti lamanzi elihwamukayo njengoba liphezulu impela kwezinye izindawo.
Ngenkathi ububi obubizwa ngeParatetis benziwa cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezi-5.5 edlule, balahlekelwa ukuxhumana nolwandle futhi kwahlukaniswa ngokuphelele ngemuva kokwehla kwezinga lamanzi nokuphakanyiswa koqweqwe lomhlaba olwakha izintaba eziseduze. Lezi zintaba yiCaucasus ne-Elburz. Ekuqaleni kokwakhiwa koLwandle iCaspian, lwakha umcengezi owodwa kanye noLwandle Olumnyama futhi lwafinyelela ezingeni eliphezulu ngesikhathi se I-Paleocene. Kwakungale nkathi lapho kwavela khona ukuphakanyiswa okukhulu kwezintaba zaseCaucasus, okwavumela ukuhlukaniswa komcengezi ube yizindikimba ezimbili ezihlukene. Lokhu kwabangela ukuba iCaspian Sea ibe yodwa ngokuphelele. Ukuze uqonde kangcono indawo yayo ye-geological, ngincoma ukuthi uhlole kabanzi mayelana izintaba ze-caucasus.
Izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nezinsongo zoLwandle iCaspian
Njengoba ungalindela, uLwandle iCaspian luyingxenye yenani elikhulu lezinto eziphilayo. Kuwo kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingu-850 zezilwane nezinhlobo zezitshalo ezingaphezu kuka-500 Ngenxa yalezi zimo ezihlukile zokwakheka, kumenyezelwe ukuthi cishe izinhlobo zezilwane ezingama-400 ezihlala khona zihlala nokunye okuningi okuhlala ezindaweni ezihlala imifula nasemifuleni.
Ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane esingazithola oLwandle iCaspian yilezi: uphawu, ngokuba ngesinye sezilwane ezivelele kakhulu ngoba azitholakali kwenye indawo emhlabeni ngoba luhlobo lwendalo. Siphinde sibe nenani elikhulu lezinhlanzi ezinjenge-perch, pike, herring, castle whitefish, sprat, bream kanye ne-sturgeon. I-sturgeon ingenye yezinhlanzi ezinikeza imali eningi emazweni azungezile kusukela i-roe yayo isetshenziswa njenge-caviar. Ukudoba ama-sturgeon kulolu lwandle kumelela cishe ama-90% okubanjwa kwawo emhlabeni.
Uma siya engxenyeni engaphansi kwamanzi ye-ecosystem singabona futhi ukuba khona kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zama-mollusk nama-crustaceans, kanye nezinye ezihuquzelayo. Sithola ufudu lwaseRussia, ufudu omnyama, phakathi kwabanye. Ebusweni naseduze kolwandle, ezinye izinyoni nazo ziyakha futhi zibe ngaphezu kobusika, njenge inhlanzi yaseCaspian, impisi evamile, i-swan ejwayelekile, ihansi elivamile, i-mallard, i-whooper swan kanye nokhozi lwasebukhosini, phakathi kwabanye.
Ngokuphathelene nohlaza, sithola izinhlobo ezithile zolwelwe olubomvu nolunsundu olutholakala ekujuleni kolwandle nakwezinye izindawo zasogwini. Ezindaweni eziseduze nogu, ezinye izitshalo ze-xerophytic zikhula kahle. Ezinye zalezi zitshalo zijwayele umhlabathi owomile. Kulabo abathanda ubudlelwano phakathi kwe ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke kanye noLwandle lweCaspian, ungathola ulwazi olubalulekile kulesi sixhumanisi.
Izinsongo
Njengoba kulindelekile, lolu lwandle lusongelwa imisebenzi yabantu yezomnotho. Isitsha salolu lwandle sigcwele uwoyela negesi yemvelo. Lezi zinsiza zemvelo zibaluleke kakhulu esifundeni sonke. Ukuxhashazwa kokukhiqiza kwenyukile emashumini eminyaka adlule ngokuya ngesidingo. Ngokubambisana nokudoba ama-sturgeon baba nomthelela ekukhuleni okukhulu kwezomnotho nakho okudala imithelela emvelweni.
Lokhu kungenxa yokungcoliswa kwamanzi okubangelwa ukwakhiwa kwamapulatifomu okumba, iziqhingi zokwenziwa, nezinye izakhiwo ezidingekayo ukuze kukhishwe lezi zinsiza zemvelo kanye nokukhishwa kwezinto ezinobuthi kwezolimo nokulima kwemfuyo.
Kukhona nezinsongo eziqhubekayo zokuchitheka kukawoyela. Ngenxa yokuvaleka kolwandle, uLwandle lweCaspian lusengozini enkulu yokungcola. Ukuze uthole imininingwane eyengeziwe mayelana nendlela i- ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kunomthelela ezilwandle, ungabheka isihloko sethu esihlobene.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi ngoLwandle lweCaspian.