Imiphumela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ibonakala emhlabeni wonke. Kusukela ezintweni ezinjengokuzamazama komhlaba nokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo kuya kumagagasi okushisa abhubhisayo, ubufakazi abunakuphikwa. Kulo nyaka nje ka-2015, kube nezinhlekelele zemvelo eziningi ezithinta izifunda ezihlukahlukene, njengokuzamazama komhlaba eNepal nokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo iCabulco eChile. Lezi zehlakalo azigcini nje ngokuzenzakalela, kodwa zibonisa inkambiso ethusayo, ebonisa ukuthi usongo olubi kakhulu esintwini seluvele lukhona futhi lapha luzohlala.
IJalimane ibhekene nemiphumela yokuguquka kwesimo sezulu.
Ngokuqondile, eJalimane, a isomiso ibidala umonakalo emasimini ezitshalo nasezindaweni ezigcina amanzi okuphuza. Ngokusho kukaMojib Latif, umcwaningi eNyuvesi yaseKiel, lokhu kumane kuyisiqalo sesifundo izimpawu ezingavamile ukuthi imiphumela yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu iyatholwa. U-Latif uxwayisa ngokuthi uma izinyathelo ezinqala zingabekwa ukuze kumiswe le miphumela, kokubili isomiso njengoba imvula izoba namandla kakhulu, okuzolimaza izakhamuzi nabalimi ngokufanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imiphumela yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu ezimila nezilwane zaseYurophu ingatholakala ocwaningweni oludingida lesi sihloko.
Umcwaningi ugcizelela ukuthi, emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, kube nokwanda okuphawulekayo kwesibalo imvamisa kulezi zenzakalo ezimbili ezimbi kakhulu (isomiso kanye nemvula). Uma isimo siqhubeka kule nkambo, uLatif uxwayisa, kusukela ngo-2050, umphakathi uzodinga ukuzivumelanisa nesimo sezulu esishintshayo. Leli kusasa elingaqinisekile lihambisana nemibiko yokuthi izikhukhula ezinkulu zizovame kangakanani eYurophu ekupheleni kwaleli khulu leminyaka.
Nakuba uLatif ebona ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu njengento engokoqobo engenakuphikwa, kukhona abasalokhu bengabaza. Nokho, ukubikezela kwakhe kucacile: Ekupheleni kwaleli khulu leminyaka, abalimi baseJalimane kuzodingeka babhekane nokulahlekelwa okukhulu. ngenxa yesimo sezulu esingalindelekile. Lokhu kuzodala umphumela we-domino othinta sonke isibalo sabantu, njengoba amanani okudla engase enyuke ngenxa yesidingo esikhulayo ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza okunzima. Mayelana nalokhu, iJalimane ibhekene nezinselelo ezibalulekile okuxoxwa ngazo ezinkundleni ezihlukahlukene.
Kodwa akukhona konke okulahlekile. Kunesizathu sokuba nethemba. Ingqungquthela ye-UN izoba seParis ngoDisemba, lapho kulindeleke ukuthi kufinyelelwe esivumelwaneni esizobophezela wonke amazwe ngokuhlanganyela ukulwa nale nkinga enzima. Ukugcina ithemba ekusebenzeni ngokubambisana komhlaba kubalulekile ekusaseni leplanethi.
Ukuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu Kungokokuqukethwe eJalimane
Esimeni saseYurophu, iJalimane izimise njengomholi wenqubomgomo yesimo sezulu, ikhuthaza imizamo kanye nokusebenzisana ezingeni lamazwe ngamazwe. Lokhu kubalulekile ngoba ukunciphisa izinga lokushisa emhlabeni wonke kungafinyelelwa kuphela uma wonke amazwe esebenzisana. Enye yezinto ezibalulekile kule mpi "i-Green Deal" ye-European Union, ethi inhloso ukufeza. ukungathathi hlangothi kwesimo sezulu ngo-2050. I-Germany ibambe iqhaza elibonakalayo kulo mkhankaso, isekela izinguquko kanye nokuguqulwa kwezinqubomgomo zokuhweba ezikhishwa yi-EU kanye nokwandisa intengo ye-CO2 ukuze kukhuthazwe ukuvikelwa kwesimo sezulu.
UHulumeni Wombuso WaseJalimane uphinde wazama ukusungula ubudlelwano besimo sezulu namanye amazwe, ikakhulukazi asathuthuka, ukuwasiza ukuthi ahlukane nokukhiqizwa kwamandla asekelwe emalahleni. Lokhu kuhambisana nezibopho ezibekwe ezivumelwaneni eziningana zamazwe ngamazwe, lapho iJalimane ithembise okungaphezu kwalokho ama-euro ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyisithupha ukuze kuvikelwe isimo sezulu kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezizweni ezisidingayo. Imithelela yalokhu kutshalwa kwezimali ibalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi iJalimane kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kusisingatha kanjani isimo somhlaba.
Ngaphakathi, isimo eJalimane sisakhathaza. Amagagasi okushisa, isomiso nezinye izehlakalo ezimbi kakhulu seziqalile ukuvama. Phakathi kuka-1991 no-2018, ukushisa okwedlulele kwabangela ukufa kwabantu abangaphezu kuka-22,000 ezweni, futhi uma ukukhishwa kwegesi kuqhubeka ngaphandle kokulawulwa, kulinganiselwa ukuthi inani lokufa okuhlobene nokushisa lingaphinda liphindwe kane ngo-2050.
Lesi simo siphakamisa isidingo esiphuthumayo sokwenza kanjalo isenzo esisheshayo, njengoba izinyathelo zokuzivumelanisa nemiphumela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ngokuvamile zithatha iminyaka ukuze zisebenze. Imibiko ye-IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) ikhomba ukuthi ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kungase kubhebhethekise izimo zokuphila, ikakhulukazi ezizukulwaneni ezizayo. Le mibiko ibalulekile ekuhlanganiseni izinselelo ezibhekene neJalimane kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu endaweni yayo.
Izinselelo Zezomthetho Nezepolitiki Ekulweni Nokuguquka Kwesimo Sezulu
Ukugwetshwa kwakamuva kukahulumeni waseJalimane yiNkantolo Ephakeme Yokuphatha eBerlin-Brandenburg kuveza ukuntuleka kwezinyathelo zokulwa nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu. INkantolo iyalele iSigungu Esiphezulu ukuthi sithathe izinyathelo eziphuthumayo zokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwesisi esingcolisa umoya, ikakhulukazi emikhakheni ezokuthutha y ukwakhiwa, abanesibopho sokukhishwa kwe-CO20 okungu-30% no-2%, ngokulandelana. Lesi sinqumo sigqamisa ingcindezi ebhekene nohulumeni ka-Olaf Scholz, olinde ukubamba iqhaza kwawo ku-COP28.
Inkantolo inxuse uhulumeni wobumbano ukuthi athathe izinyathelo ezisheshayo futhi enze uhlelo oluphuthumayo emikhakheni ebucayi. Lesi sinqumo sisekelwe esikhaleni esifakwe yizinhlangano zezemvelo ezisola uhulumeni ngokwehluleka ukuxazulula inkinga yokushisa komhlaba. Inhlanganiso ezizimele zodwa zisemukele lesi sinqumo, zathi umthethwandaba ukubeke sobala ukuthi uhulumende kumele anelise izimiso zakhe zomkhathi. Ukunganeli kwalezi zinyathelo kuyindikimba ephindaphindayo ezingxoxweni ezimayelana nokuthi iJalimane kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuhlobana kanjani.
Umthetho wokuvikela isimo sezulu waseJalimane ubeka imikhawulo ephezulu yokukhipha i-CO2 kumkhakha ngamunye Uma le mikhawulo yeqiwe, izinkonzo ezifanele kufanele zithumele uhlelo oluphuthumayo ukuze kuncishiswe ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni phakathi nezinyanga ezintathu. Emkhakheni we ezokuthutha, amazinga avunyelwe eqiwe ngamathani angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-3.1, futhi ukwakhiwa, ngamathani ayizigidi ezingu-2.5. Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi izinyathelo eziqalisiwe kuze kube manje azanele, kubhekwana kuphela negebe elingama-5% phakathi kwezintuthu eziphumayo zangempela kanye nemikhawulo ebekwe umthetho.
Izibophezelo Zesimo Sezulu Nekusasa LaseJalimane
Ngenhloso yokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa ngo-65% ngo-2030 uma kuqhathaniswa no-1990 futhi ngo-88% ngo-2040, iJalimane iphokophele ekuqondeni. ukungathathi hlangothi kwe-carbon ngo-2045. Lokhu ukuthuthuka okuphawulekayo uma kuqhathaniswa nezinjongo zangaphambilini. Ukuze kuzuzwe lokhu, umfelandawonye ophethe uveze ukuthi u-80% kagesi kumele uphume emithonjeni evuselelekayo ngo-2030. Lezi zinhlelo ziyisinyathelo esibalulekile endleleni efanele, kodwa kusekuningi okusamele kwenziwe.
Enye yezinselelo ezibaluleke kakhulu eJalimane ukuzuza lolu shintsho lwamandla ngenkathi kuqinisekiswa ukuzinza kwezwe kwezomnotho nezenhlalo. Lokhu kubandakanya ukutshalwa kwezimali okubalulekile kwezobuchwepheshe ukuze kukhiqizwe amandla avuselelekayo, ukusebenza kahle kwamandla, kanye nokususa ikhabhoni ezimbonini ezidinga amandla. Ukuqaliswa kokusebenza kohlelo lokubeka amanani ekhabhoni kanye nokuqedwa kokusetshenziswa kwamalahle ekukhiqizeni ugesi nakho kusezindaweni zezinguquko. Le ndlela ibalulekile, ikakhulukazi uma kubhekwa ucwaningo lwakamuva oluqinisekisa imiphumela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
Imizamo Yamazwe Ngamazwe
Ezingeni lamazwe ngamazwe, iJalimane ijoyine i-Climate and Clean Air Coalition kusukela ngowezi-2012, okubonisa ukuzibophezela kwayo ekulweni nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nokungcoliswa komoya. Lo mzamo ugxile ekwehliseni ukungcola kwesimo sezulu esiphila isikhathi esifushane (SLCPs), okuyimbangela yokwanda kwezinga lokushisa kanye nokuwohloka kwekhwalithi yomoya emazweni amaningi. Lo mfelandawonye uhlose ukukhuthaza izindlela ezididiyelwe zokubhekana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nokungcoliswa komoya, okugqamisa ukugxila kweJalimane kwezempilo yezemvelo emhlabeni wonke.
IJalimane isekele izinhlelo ezahlukahlukene zesimo sezulu, yabela cishe ama-euro ayizigidi eziyi-130 ekuvuseleleni umnotho okungagcini nje ngokuzama ukusimamisa umnotho kodwa futhi nokuxazulula izinkinga zesimo sezulu ngokushesha. Ngo-2019, izwe laxhasa ngezimali amaphrojekthi angama-46 emhlabeni wonke ukunciphisa ukungcola kwesimo sezulu, okuhlanganisa izindawo ezinjengokukhiqiza amandla, ezokuthutha, ezolimo kanye nokulawulwa kwemfucuza okusimeme. Lolu hlobo lwezimali lubalulekile ekuqondeni indima yaseJalimane emzamweni womhlaba wonke wokulwa nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu.
Ukugqugquzelwa kobuchwepheshe be-hydrogen, njengengxenye Yesu Le-Hydrogen Likazwelonke LaseJalimane, nakho kuyenziwa phakathi nesikhathi esicabanga ukuthi ingqalasizinda ye-hydrogen izobe isisebenza ngo-2028. Lokhu kumelela isinyathelo esibalulekile sokwamukelwa kwemithombo yamandla ahlanzekile futhi esimeme. Kubalulekile ukuthi iJalimane namanye amazwe azibophezele ngokuqinile ezinhlosweni nasezivumelwaneni zokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu.
Umthetho osanda kwamukelwa Wokuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu eJalimane uhlose ukusungula uhlaka lwesu lokudidiyela imizamo yokubhekana nezimo kuwo wonke amazinga kahulumeni. Lolu hlaka luzovumela indlela ehlelekile yezinyathelo zokuzivumelanisa nezimo kanye nokuqaliswa kwezinjongo eziqondile nezifinyelelekayo. Lo mthetho kulindeleke ukuthi uqale ukusebenza maphakathi nonyaka wezi-2024, okuyimpendulo edingekayo ezinseleleni ezivelayo ezivela ekuguquguqukeni kwesimo sezulu.
Ngokukhula kwengcindezi emanzini nasezindaweni zezolimo ezifundeni eziningi, izinqubomgomo ezihloselwe ukusimama kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo ziya ngokuya zisebenza. Ukutshala izimali kubuchwepheshe nezinqubo ezisimeme kubalulekile ekudambiseni imiphumela yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nokuqinisekisa ikusasa eliphephile nelinempumelelo kakhudlwana ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.
Umbono womhlaba wonke kufanele futhi uhlanganise nemizamo ehlanganyelwe yokulondoloza izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nokunciphisa imithelela engemihle kumasistimu ezinto eziphilayo. Ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe kubalulekile ukuze kubhekwane nalezi zinselele, njengoba ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu akunamingcele futhi kuthinta wonke amazwe ngendlela exhumene.
Njengoba imizamo yokunqanda ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke iqina, kubalulekile ukuthi iJalimane iqhubeke nokuhola ekufezeni izinqubomgomo ezisebenzayo zesimo sezulu kanye nokuthi amanye amazwe alandele isibonelo sawo. Kuphela ngokuzibophezela okuhlangene nokuzimisela lapho singabhekana khona futhi sinqobe imiphumela elimazayo yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, siqinisekise iplanethi ekwazi ukuhlalwa kuyo nezizukulwane ezizayo.
