Kuwo wonke umlando, iziqhingi ezinezintaba-mlilo ziye zabhekana nosongo lokuqhuma, okwenza ukucwaninga ngezintaba-mlilo zazo kube yinto eza kuqala ukuze kuphephe izakhamuzi zazo. I-Tenerife, esinye seziqhingi ezinkulu kunazo zonke e-Canary Islands, ithathe igxathu eliya phambili ngokusebenzisa uhlelo olusha. uhlelo lokuqapha intaba-mlilo okuhlanganisa isethi ye 15 seismographs ezikhethekile kakhulu. Lolu hlelo luklanyelwe ngokukhethekile ukuthola ukuzamazama komhlaba okwakungaziwa ngaphambili, okwandise ngokuphawulekayo umthamo wokuqapha umsebenzi wentaba-mlilo kulesi siqhingi. Ukuze uqonde kangcono, ungabheka isihloko esithi kungani kuqhuma izintaba-mlilo.
Uhlelo lokuqapha kanye nama-seismographs e-Tenerife
Iziteshi ezintsha zokugada zibekwe ngendlela efanelekile emagumbini amane e-Tenerife, okwenza ukuthi zifinyeleleke kanye nokusebenza kwazo ngempumelelo. Le ndlela ayilindele kuphela izenzakalo zokuzamazama komhlaba, kodwa futhi inikeza ososayensi nochwepheshe ulwazi oludingekayo ukuze ukunciphisa ingozi kubantu uma kwenzeka kuba nokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo. Le mizamo ihlobene nokuqonda i ubudlelwano phakathi kokuzamazama komhlaba nokuqhuma.
Uhlelo luzorekhoda ukunyakaza okungaphansi komhlaba ama-seismometer ajwayelekile angeke akwazi ukukubona. Lokhu okuyisisekelo, njengoba ukuzamazama komhlaba kuvame ukuba izandulela zokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo. Ngokuthwebula izimpawu zokuzamazama komhlaba ezicashile, ochwepheshe kulindeleke ukuthi babe nesikhathi sokuphendula esisheshayo ezimeni eziphuthumayo. Ukuqaliswa kwe-a uhlelo lokubhekwa kwekhwalithi isengezo esikhulu kulo mongo.
Ukwengeza, lesi sinyathelo simele umzamo ngasohlangothini lwe I-Institute of Technology and Renewable Energy (ITER), ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwesazi sentaba-mlilo Nemesio Pérez. Leli qembu selibandakanyile ULuca D'Auria, uchwepheshe obambe iqhaza elibalulekile ekuqapheni iVesuvius, eyaziwa njengenye yezintaba-mlilo eziyingozi kakhulu emhlabeni ngenxa yendawo ehlala kuyo endaweni enabantu abaningi. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nezintaba-mlilo eziyingozi, thintana Izindawo ze-Phlegraean.
Ukucubungula idatha kanye nobuchwepheshe obuphambili
Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuhlaziya idatha eqoqwe ama-seismographs, i I-Teide Supercomputer, etholakala ezindaweni ze-ITER. Le khompuyutha enamandla inamandla okucubungula idatha ngesivinini esikhulu, okuvumela ukuhlaziya ngesikhathi sangempela solwazi. Ngokuka-Manuel Cendagorta, umqondisi ophethe we-ITER, "ama-seismometers afakwe uhlelo lwe-GPS futhi avumelaniswa ukuze kuncishiswe amaphutha, okubonisa umehluko wama-millisecond phakathi kwawo."
I-Tenerife ihlukaniswa njengesiqhingi sentaba-mlilo lapho umsebenzi wokuzamazama komhlaba ophansi kakhulu uvame kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, kulinganiselwa ukuthi kungase kwenzeke ukuzamazama komhlaba okukhulu okulinganiselwa ku-6 noma ngaphezulu, okugqamisa ukubaluleka kokuba ne uhlelo lokugada olusezingeni eliphezulu ukuvimbela ukuqhuma nokuphatha ngempumelelo noma yiziphi izinsongo. Ukuze ujule esihlokweni, ungafunda mayelana .
Lo mzamo ungabuye uxhumeke ekuqondeni okujwayelekile kwe ilukuluku mayelana nezintaba-mlilo, okusisiza siqonde inkimbinkimbi yalezi zenzakalo zemvelo nokuqapha kwazo.
Umthelela wokuzamazama komhlaba nokuqhuma
Ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo kungabangela izinto eziningi eziyingozi, kuhlanganise ukugeleza kwe-lava, ukugeleza kwe-pyroclastic, ukuwa komlotha, ama-lahar, namagesi anobuthi, konke okumelela izingozi ezibalulekile kubantu. Akuzona nje izinguquko ezinkomba zesenzo sokuzamazama komhlaba zesenzakalo esingase siqhume, kodwa ezinye izici, njengokuwohloka komhlaba kanye nokungahambi kahle kwe-thermal, nazo zidlala indima ebalulekile. Ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nalezi zinsongo ekuhlaziyeni izintaba-mlilo e-United States.
Ngokomlando, kuye kwaboniswa ukuthi izintaba-mlilo zingabonisa izimpawu zokusebenza iminyaka ngaphambi kokuqhuma. Lesi sikhathi saziwa ngokuthi inhlekelele yentaba-mlilo futhi kubalulekile ekuhleleni ukuphuma kanye nokuphathwa kwezimo eziphuthumayo. Ngokuthola lezi zimpawu kusenesikhathi, izindlela zokuvimbela kanye nokulungela zingasetshenziswa ezingahlenga izimpilo futhi zinciphise umonakalo wempahla. Ukuqapha lezi zinhlekelele kubalulekile ohlelweni olusebenza kahle.
Ukuqonda kangcono lezi zinqubo kungabaluleka ekuqaphelweni kwentaba-mlilo e-Tenerife, okuphinde kuhlobane nocwaningo lwe izintaba-mlilo eziqhumayo, ezingase zinikeze ukufana okuwusizo.
Ukubaluleka kwemfundo nokufinyelela emphakathini
Isici esibalulekile ekulawuleni ubungozi bentaba-mlilo imfundo labantu. Imiphakathi kumele yazi ngendawo yentaba-mlilo ehlala kuyo, umlando womsebenzi wayo, kanye nezindlela zokubhekana nesimo esiphuthumayo esingaba khona. Iziphathimandla zinomthwalo wemfanelo wokwazisa umphakathi ngezingozi nezinyathelo ezidingekayo zokuzivikela, ziqinisekise ukuthi wonke umuntu ukulungele ukuthatha isinyathelo uma kwenzeka ukuqhuma kwesigameko. Imfundo mayelana izindabazingi ibaluleke ngokufanayo kulo mongo.
Kubalulekile ukugcizelela ukuthi iqhaza lomphakathi liyisisekelo. Ukwethemba iziphathimandla kanye nesinyathelo esisheshayo esimweni esiphuthumayo kungasho umehluko phakathi kokuphila nokufa. Ngakho-ke, kunjalo kubalulekile ukuthi zonke izakhamizi zilandele izincomo zeziphathimandla zendawo futhi zihlale zinolwazi ngemigudu esemthethweni.
Ukuqapha nokuqapha okuqhubekayo
Ukuqapha intaba-mlilo kuyinqubo eqhubekayo edinga ukuhlanganiswa kwemikhakha eminingi, okuhlanganisa i-geology, geophysics, chemistry, kanye ne-meteorology. Ukuqapha umsebenzi wokuzamazama komhlaba kusetshenziswa ama-seismographs kuyingxenye eyodwa kuphela ye-a uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi. Amanye amasu, njengokuhlaziya igesi, ukuqapha izinga lokushisa lenhlabathi, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwesithombe sesathelayithi, kufanele kusetshenziswe ukuze kutholakale umbono ophelele wokuziphatha kwentaba-mlilo. Lezi zindlela ezihambisanayo zibalulekile ku-a ukugada ngempumelelo kakhudlwana.
Ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe, izindlela zokuqapha ziye zavela, zinikeza idatha enembe kakhulu nebalulekile yokubikezela ukuqhuma. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwe amanethiwekhi ezinzwa ukukala umsebenzi wokuzamazama komhlaba kanye namasu okuhlaziya i-geochemical. Ukuhlanganiswa kwalezi zindlela kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni izibikezelo ezinokwethenjelwa ezingazuzisa kokubili umphakathi wesayensi nomphakathi jikelele.
Iqhaza leziphathimandla kanye nochwepheshe
El I-National Geographic Institute (IGN) Igunya elibhekele ukubhekwa nokuqapha umsebenzi wentaba-mlilo e-Spain, okuhlanganisa neziqhingi zase-Canary. Lesi sikhungo sidingeka ukuthi sazise iziphathimandla ezifanele nganoma yiziphi izinguquko ezenzeka entaba-mlilo. Kodwa-ke, ukuxhumana okuqondile nenani labantu kulawulwa ngezinhlangano zokulawula ubungozi bentaba-mlilo, njenge I-PEVOLCA (Uhlelo Olukhethekile Lokuvikelwa Komphakathi kanye Nempendulo Yezimo Eziphuthumayo ngenxa Yengozi Yentaba-mlilo e-Canary Islands).
Ubuchwepheshe obusha bukhulise amandla alawa mabhizinisi ukuze aphendule ngokushesha nangempumelelo ezimeni eziphuthumayo. Akukhona kuphela ngokuqapha okusebenzayo, kodwa futhi mayelana nokusungula Izivumelwano zesenzo uma kwenzeka kutholwa izimpawu zentaba-mlilo engavamile. Ukugcina ulwazi luhambisana nesikhathi kubalulekile ekuphepheni komphakathi.
Imiphakathi kufanele ikwazi ukuphendula izexwayiso, ukukhishwa, nezinye izinqubo zokuphepha, njalo ngokubambisana nochwepheshe bentaba-mlilo abahlinzeka ngolwazi oludingekayo ukuze kubhekwane nalezi zenzakalo.
Imibono yesikhathi esizayo
Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka buthuthuka, kanjalo nezindlela zokuqapha intaba-mlilo. Ukwakhiwa kwezinto ezintsha, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwedatha yesikhathi sangempela, kuthembisa ukuqhubeka nokuthuthukisa amandla okusabela ezingozini zentaba-mlilo. Inhlanganisela yokuzamazama komhlaba, i-geochemical, kanye nokuqapha okushisayo kuzoba ukhiye wokulawula ubungozi bentaba-mlilo e-Tenerife nakwezinye iziqhingi eziseCanary Islands.
Imizamo yokwakha uhlelo olubanzi lokuqapha e-Tenerife akusona nje isinyathelo esibheke phambili ekulawuleni ubungozi bentaba-mlilo, kodwa futhi imele ukuzibophezela kweziphathimandla ukuvikela izakhamizi zazo. Ukwakhiwa kwamaqembu ahlukahlukene kanye nokusebenzisana phakathi kwezikhungo ezahlukene kuzoqinisa amandla okuphendula ezimweni eziphuthumayo zesikhathi esizayo, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi inani labantu lizilungiselele kangcono noma yikuphi okwenzekayo.
Ukubhekwa nokuqapha kwentaba-mlilo kubalulekile ukuze abantu baphephe. Ngobuchwepheshe obuthuthukile nendlela yokusebenzisana, i-Tenerife iphokophele phambili ekusaseni eliphephile, lapho ulwazi mayelana nomsebenzi wentaba-mlilo ihumusha ezenzweni ezisebenzayo ezivikela izimpilo.
