Ukusetshenziswa kwamabalazwe kudala ezikhathini zasendulo, lapho abantu bokuqala beqala ukuhlola nokuqopha indawo yabo. Nokho, abantu abaningi bayazibuza ibalazwe lokuqala laphuma nini nokuthi i-cartography ithuthuke kanjani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, sizonikezela lesi sihloko ukuze sikutshele ukuthi imephu yokuqala yavela nini, ukuthi zaziyini izici zayo nokuthi zazibaluleke kangakanani ekuziphendukeleni komuntu.
Ivele nini imephu yokuqala?
Imephu yokuqala eyaziwayo emlandweni imephu yaseTurin, eyaqala cishe ngo-1150 BC futhi yadalwa empucukweni yaseGibhithe. Leli mephu latholwa ngo-1824 edolobheni lase-Italy iTurin, futhi kukholakala ukuthi lalisetshenziselwa ukuphatha umhlaba nokuhlela amadolobha eGibhithe lasendulo. Imephu yaseTurin yenziwe nge-papyrus futhi ilinganisa amamitha angu-1,70 ubude nemitha elilodwa ububanzi. Ikhombisa iNayile Delta kanye nendawo ezungezile yedolobha laseThebes, inamagama ezindawo kanye nezigaba zokuphatha, ukumelwa okungahlotshaniswa ukwenza imephu njengesiyalo.
Esinye isibonelo sokuqala samamephu imephu ye-Imago Mundi, yadalwa cishe ngo-600 BC eBhabhiloni lasendulo. Leli balazwe lobumba limelela ingxenye yezwe eyayaziwa ngaleso sikhathi, kuhlanganise namadolobha, imifula nezintaba.
Kuwo wonke umlando, amamephu abelokhu esetshenziselwa ukuzulazula, ukuhlola, izimpi, ukuhlela amadolobha, nokubhala amabalazwe kwesayensi. Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe ivumele ukwakhiwa kwamamephu anembe kakhulu nanemininingwane eminingi, kusukela kumamephu abhalwe ngesandla kuya ezinhlelweni zolwazi lwendawo (GIS) kanye namamephu aku-inthanethi asebenzayo asetshenziswa namuhla, njengalawo atholakala ku- amamephu we-synoptic.
Ukubaluleka kwamamephu
Amamephu ayengamathuluzi abalulekile ezikhathini zasendulo ngenxa yezizathu eziningi. Okokuqala, amamephu asiza abantu ukuba baqonde futhi bazulazule endaweni yabo. Amamephu angabonisa indawo yemifula, izintaba, amadolobha, nezinye izimpawu zendawo., eyasiza abantu ukuba baziqondise endaweni ebazungezile futhi bahlele izindlela zokuhamba.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amabalazwe ayewusizo kohulumeni namasosha. Amamephu angasetshenziswa ukuhlela amasu ezempi kanye nokuphathwa komhlaba nezinsiza. Baphinde bavumela ohulumeni ukuthi balawule futhi baphathe indawo yabo ngokuphumelelayo. Isibonelo salokhu yi- amabalazwe okuzulazula, ehlinzeka ngemininingwane ebalulekile mayelana nesimo sendawo futhi yadlala indima ebalulekile ekuphatheni ngesikhathi sokuvela kwamamephu.
Amamephu nawo abebalulekile enkolweni nasezinganekwaneni. Emasikweni amaningi asendulo, amabalazwe ayesetshenziselwa ukumelela isayensi yendawo yonke kanye nezinkolelo zenkolo zomphakathi. lawa mamephu babengabonisa indawo yonkulunkulu nemimoya, kanye nokwakheka kwendawo yonke ngokwezinkolelo zomphakathi.
Amamephu ayengamathuluzi abalulekile ezikhathini zasendulo ngenxa yekhono lawo lokusiza abantu baqonde indawo abahlala kuyo, ukuhlela amasu okuhamba nezempi, futhi amele izinkolelo zomphakathi zenkolo nezezinganekwane. Amamephu ahlale ebalulekile kuwo wonke umlando futhi asaqhubeka angamathuluzi abalulekile namuhla okuzulazula, ukuhlela amadolobha, ukuthwebula amabalazwe kwesayensi, nokunye ukusetshenziswa okuningi. Uma ungathanda ukufunda okwengeziwe mayelana , uzothola ulwazi oluwusizo.
Lavela nini ibalazwe lokuqala futhi yibaphi abalilandelayo?
Kunzima ukukhetha amamephu abaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni, njengoba kube namamephu amaningi abalulekile kuwo wonke umlando. Nokho, amanye amamephu abaluleke kakhulu ahlanganisa:
- Imephu yaseTurin: Njengoba ngishilo ekuqaleni, imephu yaseTurin iyimephu endala eyaziwayo emlandweni futhi ibalulekile ngoba ibonisa ikhono lempucuko yaseGibhithe ukudala amamephu anemininingwane futhi anembile.
- Imephu kaPtolemy: Isazi sezinkanyezi esingumGreki kanye nesazi sokuma komhlaba uClaudius Ptolemy wadala amabalazwe amaningana ngekhulu lesi-2 AD, kodwa imephu yakhe yomhlaba, ebonisa umhlaba owaziwayo ngaleso sikhathi, ibaluleke kakhulu ngokunemba kwawo kanye nomthelela wawo ekudwetshweni kwamabalazwe kamuva, ongafunda kabanzi ngawo. Umsebenzi ka-Anaximander.
- Imephu ye-Fra Mauro: Idalwe ngekhulu le-XNUMX yindela yase-Venetian u-Fra Mauro, le mephu ibonisa umhlaba owaziwayo ngaleso sikhathi, okuhlanganisa imininingwane yendawo kanye namasiko. Kubalulekile ngoba ingelinye lamamephu okuqala akhombisa ugu olusempumalanga ye-Afrika ngokunembile.
- Imephu ye-Mercator: Idalwe umdwebi wamabalazwe waseFlemish u-Gerardus Mercator ngo-1569, le mephu idume ngokuqagela kwayo okuyisilinda okuvumela ukuzulazula okunembe kakhudlwana olwandle. Ingelinye lamamephu anethonya elikhulu emlandweni futhi isasetshenziswa nanamuhla.
- imephu yomhlaba ye-google: Le mephu ye-inthanethi esebenzisanayo, yethulwa ngo-2005, iguqule indlela abantu abafinyelela ngayo nokusebenzisa ulwazi lwendawo. Ibalulekile ngoba ivumela abantu ukuthi bahlole futhi baqonde umhlaba ngezindlela ezintsha, futhi ibe nomthelela omkhulu kwezemfundo, ukuhlelwa kwedolobha, kanye nemephu.
Lawa amamephu ambalwa abaluleke kakhulu emlandweni, kodwa kunamanye amaningi abe abalulekile ngokunemba kwawo, umthelela, nokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obusha.
Ukuvela kwamamephu kuwo wonke umlando
I-Cartography ithuthuke kakhulu kuwo wonke umlando, kusukela kumamephu alula ezikhathi zasendulo kuya kumephu eyinkimbinkimbi kanye namathuluzi okubona idatha anamuhla. Ukuvela kwe-cartography phakathi namakhulu eminyaka kuchazwe kafushane ngezansi:
- Endulo: Njengoba ngishilo ekuqaleni, amabalazwe okuqala aziwayo asukela eGibhithe naseBhabhiloni lasendulo. Nokho, phakathi nenkathi yasendulo, amaGreki namaRoma asungula izindlela ezithuthuke kakhulu zokuhlela amamephu, kuhlanganise namabalazwe omhlaba namabalazwe ezindawo.
- I-Middle Ages: NgeNkathi Ephakathi, ukudweba amabalazwe kwakugxile kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwamabalazwe enkolo nawezinganekwane ayebonisa umbono wezwe wesonto lobuKristu. Kodwa-ke, amamephu anembe kakhudlwana nawo adalelwe izinjongo ezingokoqobo njengokuzulazula nokuphathwa komhlaba.
- Iminyaka Yokutholwa: Phakathi nekhulu leshumi nanhlanu neleshumi nesithupha, ukuhlola kweYurophu kanye nokwenza amakoloni e-Afrika, amazwe aseMelika, nase-Asia kwaholela ekuqhumeni kwemidwebo yamabalazwe. Abadwebi bamabalazwe baseYurophu badale amamephu anembe kakhudlwana nanemininingwane yalezi zifunda, okuhlanganisa namashadi e-nautical okuzulazula olwandle oluphakeme.
- I-Revolution Yezesayensi: Phakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX nele-XNUMX, ukudweba amabalazwe kwazuza entuthukweni yesayensi nobuchwepheshe, njenge-trigonometry kanye nokukala i-longitude ne-latitude. Amamephu abe anembe kakhudlwana futhi anemininingwane eminingi, futhi amasu okwenza imephu enetimu athuthukiswa ukuze abonise idatha ethile, efana nokuminyana kwabantu kanye ne-geology.
- Iminyaka yedijithali: Ngokufika kobuchwepheshe bekhompiyutha nokwaziswa ngekhulu lama-XNUMX, ukudweba amabalazwe kwaba noshintsho olukhulu. I-Geographic Information System (GIS) inikeze amandla ukuqoqwa nokuhlaziywa kwenani elikhulu ledatha yendawo, futhi amamephu edijithali anike amandla ukudalwa kwamamephu asebenzisanayo futhi enziwe aba ngewakho ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza, kusukela ekuzulazuleni kuya ekuhleleni nasekuphathweni kwedolobha.
Namuhla, imephu iyaqhubeka nokuvela, iqhutshwa ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe obusha kanye nesidingo esikhulayo sedatha ye-geospatial enembile nesimanje. Amamephu ahlala eyithuluzi elibalulekile lokuqonda nokuphatha umhlaba osizungezile, futhi umdwebo wamabalazwe uzoqhubeka nokudlala indima ebalulekile ekuthathweni kwezinqumo nasekuhleleni emikhakheni eyahlukene.
