Ama-asteroids ayindikimba yasezulwini ethakazelisayo esivumela ukuba sibheke esikhathini esidlule esikude kakhulu sohlelo lwethu sonozungezilanga.. Lezi zingcezu ezinamatshe, ezihlulekile ukwakha amaplanethi, ziphethe izihluthulelo zemvelaphi kanye nokuvela kwezinto ezisemkhathini esizaziyo namuhla. Emakhulwini eminyaka edlule, ososayensi nezazi zezinkanyezi baye bazama ukuzichaza, futhi namuhla sinesisekelo esiqinile solwazi mayelana nokwakheka kwazo, izici, nendima abayidlalayo ekuguquguqukeni kwesimiso sonozungezilanga.
Lesi sihloko sicubungula umsuka wama-asteroids ngokombono wesayensi kodwa ofinyelelekayo., ukuhlola izici zazo, izinhlobo, ukusatshalaliswa kwe-orbital, umthelela eMhlabeni, namamishini asemkhathini okuvumele ukuthi kubhekwe eduze. Okutholakele okungokomlando okuholele ekutheni sifunde ngobukhona bazo, izinkolelo-mbono ezichaza umsuka wazo, kanye nezindlela zamanje zokuzihlukanisa nokufunda kuzo kuzoxoxwa ngakho.
Ayini ama-asteroids futhi atholakala kuphi?
Ama-asteroids anamatshe, anensimbi, noma inhlanganisela yayo yomibili imizimba ezungeza iLanga., nakuba incane kuneplanethi futhi ngaphandle kokufinyelela isisindo esanele ukuba ibe yindilinga. Eziningi zalezi zinto azidluli amakhilomitha ayi-100 ububanzi, nakuba kukhona okuhlukile okuphawulekayo njengalokhu Ceres noma Vesta.
Ibhande le-asteroid, eliphakathi kwemizila ye-Mars ne-Jupiter, liyikhaya eliyinhloko lalezi zidumbu.. Leli bhande kulinganiselwa ukuthi liqukethe phakathi kwezigidi ezingu-1.1 nezingu-1.9 zama-asteroid amakhulu kunekhilomitha ububanzi, kanye nezigidi ezengeziwe ezincane. Kanye naleli qembu, kukhona ama-asteroid emizileni ekhethekile ebizwa ngokuthi i-Trojan, kanye ne-Near-Earth asteroids (NEAs), imizila yayo ewela noma esondela kuleyo planethi yethu. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nalesi sifunda, ungathintana ibhande le-asteroid.
Umsuka Wama-Asteroids: Uhambo Oluya Ku-Cosmic Past
Ama-asteroids akhiwe eminyakeni engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-4600 edlule, lapho ifu elikhulu legesi nothuli libhidlika ukuze kuvele isimiso sonozungezilanga.. Kule nqubo, izinto eziningi zazigxila phakathi nendawo ukuze zakhe iLanga. Okunye kwaqala ukunqwabelana ukuze kwakhiwe amaplanethi namasathelayithi, nakuba ingxenye encane yahlala ingasetshenziswa: lezi, ngokuqondile, ama-asteroids.
Enye yezinkolelo-mbono eziyinhloko zanamuhla iphakamisa ukuthi ama-asteroids ayizinsalela zamaplanethi., okungukuthi, amabhlogo akudala ahlulekile ukuhlangana ndawonye abe amaplanethi ngenxa yethonya elinamandla lamandla adonsela phansi le-Jupiter. Nokho, kukhona ezinye izinkolelo-mbono ezisikisela ukuthi amanye ama-asteroids amanje ayizingxenyana zokungqubuzana kwasendulo phakathi kwemizimba emikhulu, umphumela wokungqubuzana okuguquguqukayo okudlule esimisweni sonozungezilanga.
Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, abanye ososayensi benza iphutha lokucabanga ukuthi ama-asteroid ayizingcezu zeplanethi enkulu ecekeleke phansi.. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kwakhishwa ngaphandle ngenxa yokwakheka okuhlukahlukene kwama-asteroids kanye nenani lawo eliphansi, elinganele ukuba yingxenye yeplanethi enobukhulu obufana noMhlaba.
Izihluthulelo zomlando zokutholwa kwama-asteroids
I-asteroid yokuqala eyaziwa kwakunguCeres, eyatholwa ngoJanuwari 1, 1801 nguGiuseppe Piazzi ngenkathi edweba izinkanyezi kumlaza we-Taurus. Ekuqaleni okwakucatshangwa ukuthi inkanyezi enomsila, umjikelezo wayo wembula ukuthi iwuhlobo olusha lwendikimba yasezulwini.
Eminyakeni eyalandela, kwatholakala amanye ama-asteroid abalulekile, njengePallas, iJuno, neVesta.. Kamuva, ukubhekisisa okujulile nokuthuthukiswa kwamasu amasha, njenge-astrophotography, kusheshise inani lokutholwa. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, amakhulu ama-asteroid ayesevele aziwa.
Igama elithi "asteroid" laphakanyiswa isazi sezinkanyezi uWilliam Herschel ngo-1802, ebhekisela ekubukekeni kwezinkanyezi okwaboniswa yilezi zindikimba lapho zibonwa ngesibonakude. Nakuba yenqatshwa ekuqaleni, ekugcineni yasungulwa njengegama elisemthethweni lalezi zinto.
Ukwakheka nokuhlukaniswa kwama-asteroids
Ama-asteroid ahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezahlukene ngokuya ngokubunjwa kwawo kanye nezici ze-spectral.. Izigaba ezintathu ezibanzi futhi ezivame kakhulu yilezi:
- Uhlobo C (olunekhabhoni): Imnyama, inothile ngekhabhoni, futhi yakha iqembu elikhulu lebhande le-asteroid.
- Uhlobo S (ama-silicates): Aqukethe ama-silicates nensimbi, anemibala elula futhi ekhona ezindaweni zangaphakathi zebhande.
- Uhlobo M (olwensimbi): Ahlanganiswe ikakhulukazi i-nickel ne-iron, atholakala kakhulu ngasenkabeni yebhande le-asteroid.
Kunezinye izigaba ezihambisanayo njengezinhlobo D, V, E kanye no-P., okuvumela ukuthuthukiswa okwengeziwe komehluko wokuqanjwa. Isibonelo, izinhlobo ze-D zivame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezingaphandle futhi zimnyama kakhulu, kuyilapho izinhlobo ze-V (vestoids) zabelana ngezici ne-Vesta futhi zine-igneous, i-pyroxene-rich rich composition.
Ukwakheka okufakiwe: amabhande, imindeni, nama-trojan
Ngaphezu kwebhande eliyinhloko, ama-asteroids ahlanganiswe abe izakhiwo ezithile ze-orbital.. Isibonelo:
- Imindeni ye-Asteroid: Amasethi emizimba elandela imigudu efanayo. Ngokuvamile ziwumphumela wokushayisana kwesikhathi esidlule.
- I-Trojans: Ama-asteroids ahlanganyela ngokuzungeza kweplanethi, etholakala ezindaweni ze-Lagrange (L4 kanye ne-L5). Aziwa kakhulu yiJupiter Trojans.
- Asteroids Hungaria futhi Hilda: Izifunda ezizinzile ezinama-asteroid anokuziphatha okufanayo okuguquguqukayo, okuthonywa ama-orbital resonances ane-Jupiter ne-Mars.
Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okushayisanayo kanye nesakhiwo sangaphakathi
Izigidi zeminyaka, ama-asteroids ahlushwa umthelela neminye imizimba., okudale ukuhlukana noshintsho emigudwini yabo. Le nqubo iye yakha izinhlobonhlobo zobukhulu, izimo, kanye nezakhiwo zangaphakathi, kusukela emizimbeni eqinile kuya kumatshe amatshe axegayo aziwa ngokuthi “izinqwaba zemfucumfucu.”
Ukuhlola ngemishini yasemkhathini kwembule ukuthi amanye ama-asteroids afana ne-Itokawa anesakhiwo esinezimbotshana nesihlukanisiwe., kuyilapho ezinye, njenge-Eros, zihlangene kakhulu futhi zingase zethule ukuhlangana okuthile kwangaphakathi. Lokhu kwehlukahlukana kwesakhiwo kuba nomthelela ngokuqondile ukuminyana nokuziphatha kwayo lapho kubhekene nemithelela engaba khona.
Ama-asteroids kanye nokuxhumana kwawo noMhlaba
I-Near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) ayisihloko sokunakwa okukhethekile ngenxa yengozi yomthelela engaba khona.. Bahlukaniswe ngamaqembu amathathu amakhulu: ama-Apholo, ama-Amore kanye nama-Atones. Ezinye zazo, lapho zisondela kakhulu, zibhekwa njengama-asteroid angaba yingozi (PHAs).
Irekhodi lomlando nelokwakheka komhlaba libonisa ukuthi imithelela edlule ibe nemiphumela ebalulekile.. Umcimbi owaziwa kakhulu yilowo ohlotshaniswa nokushabalala kwama-dinosaur eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-66 edlule, okubangelwa into engaba ngu-10-15 km ububanzi.
Njengamanje, sekusungulwe izinhlelo zamazwe ngamazwe ukuze kulandelelwe futhi kufakwe ikhathalogi yale mizimba., njenge-NASA's CNEOS kanye nezinye izinhlelo ezifana ne-NEOWISE, Pan-STARRS noma i-ATLAS. Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngokuthola ama-asteroid ayingozi, bheka I-AI ethola ama-asteroid ayingozi.
Ukuhamba emkhathini kanye nokutadisha okuqondile kwama-asteroids
Ukuhlola okuningiliziwe kwama-asteroids kwenziwe kwaba nokwenzeka ngokuhlolwa komkhathi. ezike zandiza, zazungeza noma zehlela kwezinye zazo. Phakathi kwemishini ephawuleka kakhulu yile:
- DUZE Umenzi wezicathulo: Yafunda i-asteroid Eros futhi yahlala phezu kwayo ngo-2001.
- IHayabusa neHayabusa2: Imishini yama-Japanese eqoqe amasampuli asuka ku-Itokawa nase-Ryugu ngokulandelanayo.
- I-OSIRIS-REx: Imishini yeNASA eyafunda uBennu futhi yabuyisela izinto eMhlabeni ngo-2023.
- Ukusa: Yayizungeza i-Vesta ne-Ceres, ivumela ukumepha okunokulungiswa okuphezulu nokuhlaziya okuningiliziwe.
Curiosities kanye nomenclature of asteroids
Lapho i-asteroid entsha itholwa, inikezwa igama lesikhashana. ngokusekelwe onyakeni, i-tnight kanye ne-oda lokutholwa. Uma i-orbit yayo inqunywa ngokunembile, inikezwa inombolo engashintshi futhi ingase ithole igama elikhethwe umtholi, eligunyazwe i-IAU.
Amagama ama-asteroids adlule izinganekwane, okuhlanganisa izinkomba zamasiko, ezesayensi, zomlando ngisho nabalingiswa benganekwane. Izibonelo ezaziwayo zihlanganisa (2309) Mr. Spock noma (1462) Zamenhof.
Ama-asteroids nawo aqanjwe ngamagama osomkhathi, amadolobha, amazwe, nemiqondo ehlukahlukene., inqobo nje uma behlangabezana nezimiso ezithile zokuziphatha, njengokugwema ukubhekisela ezingxabanweni zezimpi zanamuhla.
Ukubaluleka kwesayensi, kwezobuchwepheshe kanye namasu
Ucwaningo lwama-asteroids lubalulekile ngoba lumelela izinto ezibalulekile zesimiso sonozungezilanga.. Zigcina izinhlanganisela ezinganikeza izinkomba mayelana nemvelaphi yamanzi kanye nezingxenye eziyisisekelo zokuphila eMhlabeni. Kungakho ukuthunyelwa kwesampula kokubuyisela kubaluleke kakhulu ku-astrobiology kanye ne-geochemistry yeplanethi.
Ngokombono wezobuchwepheshe, ama-asteroids nawo abalulekile emandleni awo okumba izimayini.. Amathuba okukhipha izinsimbi ezingavamile, amaminerali, namanzi kulezi zindikimba aphakanyiswe njengengxenye yemishini yesikhathi esizayo yezimayini zasemkhathini.
Ezingeni lamasu, ukuqonda ukwakheka kwawo kanye nomkhondo kubalulekile ukuze kuvinjelwe imithelela eyinhlekelele.. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zokuvikela amaplanethi, njengokuphambuka ngokusebenzisa imithelela ye-kinetic noma ukusetshenziswa kwamandla adonsela phansi, kuncike ekuqondeni okujulile kwalezi zinto.
Ama-asteroids ama-capsules wesikhathi se-cosmic asixhuma kumsuka wakho konke esikwaziyo.. Ucwaningo lwabo luhlala lubalulekile kuma-ejensi asemkhathini kanye nezazi zezinkanyezi, hhayi nje engcebweni yesayensi abayinikezayo kodwa kanye nemithelela engokoqobo mayelana nokuvikeleka kweplanethi nokusetshenziswa kwezinsiza zesikhathi esizayo. Ukuqonda ukwakheka kwazo, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, kanye nokuziphatha kwe-orbital kuyisihluthulelo sokuthola ukuthi imvelo yethu yasemkhathini yavela kanjani kanye nendlela yokulindela izimo ezingase zibe khona zesikhathi esizayo zesintu.
