El Isenzakalo se-El NiƱo yasogwini Kuphinde kwaba yizindaba ezisematheni futhi kuphakamisa izixwayiso ogwini olusempumalanga yePacific, ikakhulukazi ePeru, lapho ulwandle lufudumale khona ngendlela engavamile futhi izimvula ezinkulu sezivele zibangela umonakalo omkhulu. Nakuba kuyisimo esithinta ulwandle-umkhathi esitholakala kakhulu ogwini, imiphumela yaso izwakala ngaphakathi ezweni: ukuguguleka komhlaba, izikhukhula, umonakalo engqalasizinda, kanye nengcindezi emikhakheni ebalulekile njengokudoba kanye nezolimo.
Lolu hlobo lwesiqephu luhilela "Ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu sasogwini" okwesikhashanaNgokwesiko komile. phakamisa izinga lokushisa lolwandleUmkhathi uphendula ngokumbozwa kwamafu neziphepho, futhi imvula iba uphawu olubonakala kakhulu lwalesi simo. Iziphathimandla zesimo sezulu zigcizelela ukuthi asikho isikhala sokuzethemba: isimo sishintsha njalo, singaba sibi kakhulu, futhi sidinga ukuqapha okuqhubekayo.
Iyini i-El NiƱo yasogwini futhi itholakala kanjani?
Izikhungo zesimo sezulu ezibhekisela kuzo zichaza Ingane yasogwini njenge-a ukufudumala okungavamile kobuso bolwandle ogwini olusempumalanga yePacific, ikakhulukazi emngceleni osenyakatho. Ngobuchwepheshe, lo mcimbi ubhekwa njengoqhubeka lapho izinga lokushisa lamanzi lihlala okungenani 0,5 ĀŗC ngaphezu kwenani layo elimaphakathi izinyanga ezingaphezu kwezintathu zilandelana kuleyo ndawo.
Noma kunjalo, izinhlangano ezibhekisela kuzo zigcizelela ukuthi Asikwazi ukulinda ukuqeda ikota ukukhipha izixwayiso. Lapho nje kubonwa ukwanda okuqhubekayo kwezinga lokushisa lolwandle futhi kuqala ukuvela imvula engavamile kanye neziphepho, izinhlelo zokuxwayisa kusenesikhathi ziyavulwa ukuze iziphathimandla zikwazi ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuvimbela.
Ngemuva kwalokhu kuziphatha kukhona ukuguqulwa kwemimoya yokuhweba kanye nemisinga yolwandleUbuthakathaka bemimoya yaseningizimu buvumela ukungena komoya ofudumele namanzi avela ezindaweni eziphansi, okuphazamisa ibhalansi evame ukugcinwa umsinga obandayo weHumboldt ohlala ogwini olusempumalanga yePacific.
Lokhu kungalingani kubangela uchungechunge lwemiphumela yesimo sezuluUlwandle olufudumele lukhuthaza ukwakheka kwamafu akhule ngokuma, lwandisa umswakama otholakalayo emkhathini, futhi lwandisa amathuba okuwa kwemvula enamandla, okunomthelela omkhulu ezindaweni eziseduze nogu.
Imvula enkulu, ukudilika kodaka kanye nokudilika komhlaba: umthelela emhlabeni
Ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa lolwandle, kanye namanani afinyelele kwezinye izindawo ogwini olusenyakatho phakathi kuka-28 no-29 ĀŗC, ihunyushwe ku- iziqephu zemvula ezidlula kakhulu amarekhodi ajwayelekileEmadolobheni athile asogwini, kuye kwathathwa izilinganiso Imvula eqongelelekile engaphezu kwamamilimitha ayi-100 emahoreni ambalwa nje, kuze kufike ngisho namamilimitha angu-160 ngosuku olulodwa, okungaphezu kakhulu kwesilinganiso sanyanga zonke.
Lokhu kugcwala kwamanzi ngesikhathi esifushane kangaka kudala inhlanganisela yezingoziUkugcwala kwemifula, ukusebenza kwezigodi, ukugeleza kwemfucuza (ukudilika kodaka), ukudilika komhlaba ezindaweni ezingazinzile, kanye nezikhukhula ezindaweni zasemadolobheni ezingenayo imisele eyanele yokuhambisa amanzi. Umonakalo ugxile emakhaya, emigwaqweni, emabhulohweni, kumanethiwekhi amanzi kanye nokuhlanzeka, kanye nasezikhungweni zezempilo nezemfundo.
Izifunda zasenyakatho ezifana Tumbes, Piura, Lambayeque kanye La Libertad Bebelokhu bebhekene nezinkinga eziphindaphindayo: yonke indawo egqitshwe udaka, imigwaqo ivaliwe, izimakethe zigcwele amanzi, kanye namachibi amanzi angcolile esikhashana angaba yindawo yokuzalela izifo ezithwalwa omiyane noma ezithwalwa ngamanzi angcolile. Ubuthakathaka bezinhlelo zokudonsa amanzi kanye nokungena kwemigwaqo yamanzi yemvelo kwenza umonakalo ube mubi kakhulu.
Iningizimu nayo ayishiyiwe. Izindawo ezifana ne- U-Ica no-Arequipa Baye babhekana nezimvula ezinkulu kanye nezikhukhula ezikhukhule abantu nezimoto, okwaholela ekufeni kwabantu kanye nokuthinteka kwezinkulungwane zabantu. Izigodi ezazikade zibanzi ngamamitha angamashumi ziye zancishiswa ukwanda kwabantu emadolobheni, okwandisa isivinini namandla okubhubhisa amanzi namatshe lapho evulwa.
Izexwayiso ezisemthethweni ezivela ezinsizeni zokuvikela umphakathi kanye nezesimo sezulu zikhomba ku- inani elikhulayo lezifunda lisesixwayisweni esibomvu ngenxa yengozi yezikhukhula ezinkulu, lapho amashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu, amakhulu ezikhungo zemfundo kanye nezikhungo zezempilo eziningi zibhekene nezenzakalo ezimbi kakhulu.
Izibikezelo, ubude kanye nokungaqiniseki
Noma kunjalo, ochwepheshe bagcizelela ukuthi kukhona ukungaqiniseki okukhulu mayelana nobude obuqondile besiqephuOkuhlangenwe nakho kubonisa ukuthi ezinye izehlakalo ze-El NiƱo zasogwini zimfushane kanti ezinye zithatha isikhathi eside, zithatha iminyaka emibili, futhi izinkomba zamanje azisivumeli ukuthi sisho ukuthi ulwandle olufudumele ngendlela engavamile luzohlala isikhathi esingakanani. Abanye ochwepheshe bakubona kungakabi yisikhathi ukusetha usuku lokuphela kusenesikhathi.
Kulesi simo, umphakathi wesayensi uphikelela ekugxileni ku- izimo zesikhashanaIkakhulukazi mayelana nalokho okungenzeka emasontweni azayo, isikhathi esihlanganisa inani eliphakeme lemvula yonyaka nolwandle olufudumele kakhulu. Ukusuka lapho, isibikezelo siyalungiswa njengoba kufika idatha entsha evela kuma-buoy, amasathelayithi kanye neziteshi zasogwini.
Omunye wemiphumela engaba khona kakhulu, noma ngabe imvula iyancipha njengoba isizini yemvula iqhubeka, ukuba khona kwe- Ukufudumala kwekwindla nobusika kunokujwayelekile eceleni komugqa ogwini. Lena iphethini esivele ibonwe ezigabeni ezedlule, ngobusuku obubandayo obuncane kanye namagagasi okushisa ngezikhathi ezithile ngaphandle kwehlobo.
Le ndawo efudumele ingaba imiphumela engaqondile empilweni yomphakathiokukhuthaza ukwanda komiyane abadlulisela izifo ezifana ne-dengue, i-Zika, ne-chikungunya, kanye namaza okushisa athinta kakhulu asebekhulile, abagulayo abangamahlalakhona, kanye nabantu abangenazo izindawo zokuhlala ezinomoya omuhle.
Imiphumela ekudobeni, kwezolimo nasemnothweni
Ukufudumala kolwandle kunemiphumela engaphezu kwesimo sezulu kuphela. Ngokomnotho, i-El NiƱo yasogwini inomthelela omkhulu... imikhakha efana nokudoba, ezolimo, ezokukhiqiza, ezohwebo kanye nezokuthuthaizinsika eziyisisekelo zamazwe amaningi eMpumalanga yePacific kanye nokuxhumana kwawo neYurophu kanye nezinye izimakethe zomhlaba wonke.
Lapho amanzi angaphezulu eba shushu, ukusatshalaliswa kwezinhlobo zasolwandle kuyashintshwaIzinsiza ezifana ne-anchovy zingashintsha ukujula noma zithuthele ezindaweni ezingafinyeleleki kalula, okwandisa izindleko kanye nobunzima bemisebenzi yokudoba. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izinhlobo ezihlobene namanzi afudumele, njenge-bonito noma i-mahi-mahi, zingase zandise ukuba khona kwazo okwesikhashana eduze nogu.
Kwezolimo, umphumela ohlangene wemvula enkulu kanye nokushisa okuphezulu kungenza shintsha imijikelezo yezinto eziphilayo zezitshalo zezentengiselwanoLokhu kufaka phakathi ama-blueberry, amagilebhisi, umango, kanye no-avokhado. Amanzi amaningi ngesikhathi sezigaba ezibalulekile zokukhula kwezitshalo, noma isimo sezulu esishisayo esingajwayelekile, anganciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwezithelo kanye nekhwalithi yazo.
Abahlaziyi bezomnotho benze isibonelo sezimo lapho i-El NiƱo yasogwini ingasho khona izigidi ezilahlekelwa nsuku zonke Ezifundeni ezisengozini enkulu, umthelela ube mubi kakhulu ekukhiqizeni, ezokuthutha kanye nokuhweba. Imigwaqo evaliwe, amabhuloho alimele, kanye namachweba asebenza ngaphansi kwamandla anele kunciphise ukugeleza kwezimpahla, ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe okulibazisekile, kanye nezindleko zokuthutha ezikhuphukile.
Konke lokhu kuholela emphumeleni omkhulu emphakathini: imisebenzi esengozini, ukwehla kwemali engenayo yemindeni, kanye nokucindezelwa kwamanani okudlaLokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ezimpahleni eziyisisekelo ezincike ezindaweni zezolimo ezisengozini noma iziteshi zokuhlinzeka ezithintekayo esimweni sezulu esibi. Emindenini enomholo omncane, noma yikuphi ukwanda kwezindleko zokudla kuzwakala ngokushesha.
Izincomo kanye nokuphathwa kwezingozi lapho kubhekene ne-El NiƱo yasogwini
Njengoba ibhekene nokuhlanganiswa kwemvula enkulu, izikhukhula, nokushisa okungavamile, iziphathimandla zokuphathwa kwezingozi kanye nokuvikelwa komphakathi zincoma okulandelayo emphakathini: lindela futhi uhlele ngezinyathelo eziyisisekelo ezingenza umehluko lapho kuvela isimo esiphuthumayo.
Isinyathelo esibalulekile ukuthuthukisa Uhlelo Oluphuthumayo Lomndeni osungula izindlela zokuphuma, izindawo zokuhlangana eziphephile, kanye nemithwalo yemfanelo yelungu ngalinye lomndeni. Lolu hlelo kufanele lwabelwane ngawo wonke umuntu futhi lusetshenziswe njalo ukuze, uma kwenzeka isixwayiso esisemthethweni, kungabikho muntu oshiywa ukuba azenzele izinto ngokwakhe.
Kubalulekile futhi thola izindawo eziyingozi kakhulu Emphakathini: ogwini lwemifula, imihosha, amagquma anomlando wokudilika komhlaba, noma izindawo ezivame ukukhukhula. Ukugwema ukuhlala noma ukuhlala kulezi zindawo ngesikhathi semvula kunciphisa ukuchayeka ekukhukhuleni kodaka kanye nezikhukhula ezinkulu.
Iziqondiso ezisemthethweni zigcizelela nokubaluleka kokulungiselela isikhwama semali esiphuthumayo esinamanzi, ukudla okungaboli, ikhithi yosizo lokuqala, ithoshi, umsakazo, amadokhumenti abalulekile kanye nezingubo eziyisisekelo izinsuku eziningana. Ukuyilungisa kunciphisa isikhathi sokusabela lapho kukhishwa umyalelo wokuphuma noma lapho ukufinyelela ezitolo nasezinsizeni kulinganiselwe.
Uma kwenzeka isaziso noma i-alamu ivuliwe, izinsizakalo eziphuthumayo zikhumbuza umphakathi ukuthi ungaweli imifula, imifudlana, noma izindawo ezigcwele amanzi, njengoba Amandla amanzi angakhukhula kalula abantu nezimoto.Isihluthulelo ukulandela imiyalelo yeziphathimandla, ukuthuthela endaweni ephakeme nephephile, nokuhlala unolwazi ngeziteshi ezisemthethweni hhayi ngamahemuhemu.
Ukubheka esikhathini esizayo: ukuzivumelanisa nezimo kanye nokubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe
Ukubuya okuphindaphindiwe kwe-El NiƱo yasogwini, kanye nezigameko eziphawulekayo eminyakeni yamuva nje, kuye kwaqinisa umbono wokuthi Lokhu akuyona into engavamile neyingqayizivele.kodwa kunalokho iqiniso okuzodingeka sihlale nalo njalo. Lokhu kuqaphela kuvula ithuba lokuxoxa ngezinyathelo zokuzivumelanisa nezimo zesikhathi esimaphakathi neside.
Phakathi kwezinto eziza kuqala, ochwepheshe bakhomba isidingo sokuthi qinisa amanethiwekhi okubuka ulwandle kanye nomoya, okuhlanganisa ama-buoy, iziteshi zasogwini kanye nezinhlelo zesathelayithi, kanye nokuthuthukisa amamodeli okubikezela esifunda ukuze kuhunyushwe idatha yomhlaba wonke ibe izixwayiso eziwusizo ezingeni lendawo.
Esinye isici esibalulekile sihilela ukutshala imali ku- ingqalasizinda eqinile: izivikelo eziklanywe kahle zosebe lomfula, izinhlelo zokukhipha amanzi emadolobheni ezilinganiselwe iziphepho ezinamandla, amabhuloho nemigwaqo ekwazi ukumelana nokugeleza okukhulu, kanye nezinhlelo zokwakha kabusha ezigwema amaphutha aphindaphindwayo endaweni yezindlu nezindawo ezibalulekile.
Ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe nakho kudlala indima ebalulekile. Izinhlangano zesayensi, izinhlangano zasemkhathini, kanye nezikhungo zocwaningo eYurophu, eMelika, nakwezinye izifunda zabelana ngolwazi namamodeli asiza ekwenzeni ukuqonda kangcono ukuziphatha koLwandlekazi iPacific kanye nomthelela wayo emaphethini emvula emhlabeni jikelele. Lokhu kubambisana kuyisihluthulelo sokulungisa amasu okuzivumelanisa nezimo emazweni asengozini ikakhulukazi.
Njengoba sibhekene nesimo esihlanganisa ukungaqiniseki, imiphumela yezomnotho, kanye nezingozi zabantu, isiphetho esifinyelelwe yizazi zezulu, onjiniyela, kanye nabaphathi bezimo eziphuthumayo sicacile: ukuvimbela, ukuhlela amadolobha okunesibopho, kanye nolwazi oluthembekile Ziyithuluzi elingcono kakhulu lokunciphisa umonakalo lapho ulwandle lufudumala futhi i-El NiƱo yasogwini ibuya endaweni yesigameko.
