Un Isibonakude esibonakalisayo isebenza ngezibuko. Isibuko esikhulu esiyinhloko esingaphansi kweshubhu sidlulisela ukukhanya esibukweni esincane sesibili, esibuye siqondise ukukhanya kucezu lamehlo bese sakha isithombe esizosibona ngaso. Lezi zibonakude zilungele labo abasha emhlabeni wesayensi yezinkanyezi kanye nokubuka umkhathi. Ukuze uqonde kangcono izici zayo nokusebenza kwayo, ungabheka ukuthi kanjani isibonakude siyasebenza.
Ngakho-ke, kulesi sihloko sizokutshela zonke izici, izinzuzo kanye nobubi be-telescope ekhanyayo.
Ubani owasungula isibonakude esikhanyayo?
Nakuba abantu abaningi baba nesandla ekusungulweni kwe-reflector, Isaac Newton Ube ngowokuqala ukudala isibonakude esasebenzisa izibuko esikhundleni samalensi ukuze sibonise ukukhanya, futhi kwavela ezinye izindlela zokuqala zokuphikisa izibonakude ezine-chromatic aberration. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokusungulwa kwesibonakude esikhanyayo, kwaba nokwenzeka ukudala izibonakude ezinezimbobo ezinkudlwana, okwavumela ukutholakala kwezinto ezimfishane nezikude kakhulu.
Izinzuzo kanye nokubi kwesibonakude esikhanyayo
Nakuba kunezinhlobo eziningi zezibonisi, futhi uhlobo ngalunye lufaneleka kangcono ukusetshenziswa okuthile futhi lunezinzuzo zalo kanye nokubi, ngokuvamile kunezinzuzo ezithile noma ukungalungi okwenzeka ngamamodeli ahlukene.
Izinzuzo zokubonisa
- Inzuzo yokuqala enkulu ye-reflectors yilokho Zinembobo ekhudlwana futhi zibiza kancane kuneziphequluli (izibuko zitholakala kalula futhi zenziwe kunamalensi, okunciphisa izindleko futhi kukuvumela ukuthi uwathole ngaphansi kwama-euro angama-200 Imodeli enamandla yokubonisa)
- Azikho ngokuphelele ekuphambukeni kwe-chromatic okuhlushwa yi-refractors. Ukukhanya kuyavezwa esikhundleni sokuhlehla, okuholela ekwehlukaneni kombala ezintweni ezicwebezelayo.
Ukungalungi kwama-reflectors
- Izibuko azibonisi ukukhanya okungu-100%. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukukhanya okuthile nokugqama kulahlekile esithombeni. Ngalo mqondo, akuzona zonke izibonisi ezifanayo, futhi eziningi zazo zinemihlobiso ekhethekile ezibukweni zazo ezivumela ukudluliswa kokukhanya cishe okungamaphesenti angama-90 kuya kwangama-95. Ngaphandle kwalezi zembatho, ukulahlekelwa ukukhanya kungafinyelela ku-20%.
- Badinga ukuqondanisa njalo. Amanye amamodeli aze adinga lokhu ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa ngakunye.
- Bangase bahlupheke ngokunye ukungaboni kahle okufana ne-astigmatism, ukuphambuka okuyindilinga kanye ne-coma.
Izinhlobo zezibonakude ezikhombisayo
Nakuba igama elithi "isibonakude saseNewtonian" livame ukusetshenziselwa ukubhekisela ekuboniseni izibonakude, futhi izibonakude zaseNewton empeleni ziyimodeli esetshenziswa kakhulu. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezibonakude ezikhombisayo: izibonakude zaseNewtonian kanye nezibonakude zeCassegrain.
I-Newtonian reflector telescope
Lolu hlobo lwesibonakude lwasungulwa u-Isaac Newton futhi lwalunekhono elimangalisayo lokuthwebula ukukhanya. Futhi iyimodeli esetshenziswa kakhulu ngabafundi besayensi yezinkanyezi, njengoba inikeza isilinganiso esingenakuqhathaniswa sentengo-kuya-ekuvulekeni. Cabanga ukuthi ungathenga isibuko saseNewton esinombobo ophindwe kabili we-refractor yesabelomali esifanayo.
Futhi, izibuko ezinezinga lokugxila elingaphezu kuka-6 zizonikeza izithombe ezinhle zenyanga namaplanethi, ngokuqinisekile iqhathaniswa ne-refractors noma i-catadioptric telescopes (yomibili imiklamo ibiza kakhulu kunezibuko ze-Newtonian). Ukwengeza, izibonisi ezinalezi zakhiwo zizokuvumela ukuthi ubone izinto eziningi ezijulile. Lesi yisinqumo esihle kakhulu sezindawo ezahlukahlukene, okwenza kube kuhle kwabaqalayo. Uma ufuna ukwazi kabanzi mayelana ezahlukene izinhlobo zezibonakude, ungabheka isihloko esifanele.
Yiziphi ezisetshenziswa izazi zezinkanyezi ezithuthuke kakhulu?
Abaningi babo bakholelwa ukuthi izibonisi ze-Newtonian ziyindlela enhle. Ngokwesibonelo, Isibonakude esingu-200mm sizohlangabezana ngokuphelele nezidingo zezazi zezinkanyezi ezidinga kakhulu ngaphandle kokuba sikhulu kakhulu ukuthi singathuthwa.
Uma uhlala edolobheni, kungase kudingeke ukuthi uhambe uye ezindaweni ezimnyama ukuze ugweme ukungcoliswa kokukhanya, ngakho-ke asikho isidingo sokuba nesibonakude esikhulu kuno-180mm, njengoba kuzoba nzima ukusihambisa. Yiqiniso, izibuko zaseNewton zinenzuzo engaphezu nje kwezinzuzo. Enye yezinkinga abanazo ukuthi ziwuhlobo lwesibonakude esingenwa kalula yi-decollimation, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukuqaphela ekuqaleni kokubuka ngakunye.
Uma iphezulu isilinganiso sokugxilile, mancane amathuba okuba ingagxili. Lesi kungaba esinye isizathu sokukhetha isibonisi se-Newtonian esinesilinganiso sokugxila esingu-8 njengesibonakude sakho sokuqala.
I-Cassegrain reflector telescope
Izibonakude ze-Cassegrain zilungele ukubhekwa kwenyanga neplanethi. Ngenxa yokwakheka kwezibuko, izibonakude zeCassegrain Avumela izilinganiso zokugxila okuphezulu ukuthi zihlanganiswe eshubhuni eliminyene futhi eliphatheka kalula kunezibonakude zaseNewton.
Okunye okungalungile kwalo modeli ukuthi kunzima kakhulu ukungqubuzana (ngenxa yesakhiwo sayo se-optical esiyinkimbinkimbi) futhi ijwayele ukuba ne-coma (i-periphery yesithombe ngeke ibonakale ibukhali).
Njengoba i-eyepiece isekupheleni kweshubhu, kuyasiza ekubhekeni izinto eziseduze nomkhathizwe, kodwa ngeke kukhululeke ukubuka eduze kwe-zenith. Kulesi simo, kufanele usebenzise inkanyezi ye-diagonal, ezokwenza ukuqaphela kwakho kube lula.
Ngokungeziwe kusibonakude sakudala se-Cassegrain, sinamanye amamodeli angaziwa kakhulu kodwa futhi athokozisayo:
- Richtey-Chretien: Umgomo walo mklamo ukuqeda i-coma futhi unciphise isilinganiso sokugxila.
- I-Dall Kirkham: Inikeza izithombe ezinhle kakhulu, kodwa inenkambu encane yokubuka.
Kokubili i-Richtey-Chretien kanye ne-Dall-kirkham ziyizibonakude ezinhle kakhulu ze-astrophotography ngoba ziqeda i-coma futhi zikhiqize izithombe ezicace kakhulu.
Ekugcineni, i-reflector ye-Cassegrain ngokuvamile ayiyona into yokuqala yokukhetha kwabaqalayo, kodwa nakuba ingavamile njengetheleskopu yaseNewton, ochwepheshe abaningi bayayisebenzisa, futhi inezinzuzo zayo, njengokuhle kakhulu ekuhloleni amaplanethi.
Abaningi abaqalayo bezinkanyezi bakhetha izibuko ngezindleko zabo eziphansi kanye nokuvuleka okukhulu. Nakuba inobubi obuthile, kwabathanda ukuzilibazisa abaningi izinzuzo zidlula izithiyo ezingaba khona, njengoba zikuvumela ukuthi uqale ukubheka uhla lwezinto ezihlukahlukene ngaphandle kokuchitha imali eningi. Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe mayelana ukusetshenziswa kwe-telescopes, ungaphinda uhlole okuqukethwe kwethu okuhlobene.
Uma usaqala ukufunda isayensi yezinkanyezi, isibonisi saseNewtonian nakanjani siyisinqumo esihle kakhulu. Uma unentshisekelo ikakhulukazi ekubhekeni isistimu sonozungezilanga futhi unolwazi oluthile ngokubheka amaplanethi, isibonakude seCassegrain singase sibe isibonakude osifunayo ukuze uthole imininingwane eyengeziwe.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nezici zesibonakude esikhanyayo kanye nezinzuzo kanye nokubi.
