Isiphepho uKatrina, njengoba kubonwa yisiphuphutheki se-NOAA seGoES-12.
Izimo zesimo sezulu yizinto ezivame ukudala umonakalo, kepha hhayi kakhulu njengalezo ezidalwe yi Isiphepho uKatrina. Okungenani abantu abayi-1833 babulawa yisiphepho uqobo noma izikhukhula ezazihambisana naso, okwenza kwaba yisona sikhathi esabulala kunazo zonke izinkathi zeziphepho zase-Atlantic ngo-2005 kanti okwesibili emlandweni wase-U.S., Ngemuva kweSan kuphela UFelipe II, ngo-1928.
Kodwa, Uyini umsuka kanye nomkhondo walesi siphepho esinamandla okuthi, ngokubiza igama laso nje, imifanekiso yokubhujiswa esishiye e-United States ifike ngokushesha engqondweni?
Umlando weSiphepho uKatrina
Umkhondo kaKatrina.
Ukukhuluma ngoKatrina ukukhuluma ngeNew Orleans, Mississipi, nakwamanye amazwe ahlupheka ngokudlula kwalesi siphepho esishisayo. Yisiphepho seshumi nambili esakhiwa ngenkathi yeziphepho yango-2005, ikakhulukazi ngo-Agasti 23, eningizimu-mpumalanga yeBahamas. Kwaba ngumphumela wokuhlangana kwegagasi elishisayo neTropical Depression Diez, eyakhiwa ngo-Agasti 13.
Isistimu yafika esimweni sesiphepho esishisayo ngemuva kosuku olulodwa nje, ngo-Agasti 24, usuku okwakuzoqanjwa igama kabusha ngokuthi uKatrina. I-trajectory eyalandela yile elandelayo:
- Agasti 23: ibheke ngaseHallandale Beach nase-Aventura. Lapho ifika phansi, yathamba, kodwa ngemuva kwehora, lapho ingena eGulf of Mexico, yaphinde yaqina futhi yabuyela esimweni sayo sesiphepho.
- Agasti 27: Ifinyelele esigabeni 3 esikalini sikaSaffir-Simpson, kepha umjikelezo wokushintshwa kodonga lweso kubangele ukuthi luphindeke kabili ngosayizi. Lokhu kuqina okusheshayo kwakudalwa ngamanzi afudumele ngokungajwayelekile, okwenza umoya uphephethe ngokushesha. Ngakho-ke, ngosuku olulandelayo lwafinyelela esigabeni 5.
- Agasti 29: Yenziwe ukuwela okwesibili njengesiphepho esigabeni 3 ngaseBuras (Louisiana), eBreton, eLouisiana naseMississipi ngemimoya ka-195km / h.
- Agasti 31: yehliselwa ekucindezelekeni kwezindawo ezishisayo eduze kwaseClarksville (Tennessee), yaqhubeka nendlela yayo eya eGreat Lakes.
Ekugcineni, kwaba yisiphepho esingenakulinganiswa esathuthela enyakatho-mpumalanga futhi sathinta empumalanga yeCanada.
Yiziphi izinyathelo ezathathwa ukugwema umonakalo?
Isikhungo Sikazwelonke Sesiphepho (CNH) ukhiphe iwashi lesiphepho eningizimu-mpumalanga yeLouisiana, Mississipi nase-Alabama ngo-Agasti 27 ngemuva kokubukeza indlela okungenzeka ukuthi isiphepho siyilandele. Ngalo lolo suku, i-United States Coast Guard yenza uchungechunge lwemisebenzi yokutakula isuka eTexas iye eFlorida.
Lowo owayengumongameli wase-United States ngaleso sikhathi, UGeorge W. Bush umemezele isimo esibucayi eLouisiana, Alabama naseMississippi ngo-Agasti 27. Emini, i-CNH ikhiphe isexwayiso sesiphepho ngokunweba okungasogwini phakathi kweMorgan City (Louisiana) nomngcele ophakathi kwe-Alabama neFloridaamahora ayishumi nambili ngemuva kwesixwayiso sokuqala.
Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, akekho owayengaba nomqondo wokuthi uKatrina wayezogcina ebhujiswe kanjani. Kukhishwe umbiko ovela ehhovisi laseNew Orleans/Baton Rouge leNational Weather Service exwayisa ngokuthi le ndawo ingase ingahlali amasonto amaningi.. Ngomhla zingama-28 kuNcwaba, uBush wakhuluma noMbusi uBlanco encoma ukuthi kuphume isibopho sokuphuma kweNew Orleans.
Sekukonke, abantu ababalelwa ezigidini eziyi-1,2 abavela eGulf Coast kanye nabaningi baseNew Orleans kwadingeka basuswe.
Kwenze muphi umonakalo?
Wasala kanjalo uMississipi ngemuva kwesiphepho.
Kushonile
Isiphepho uKatrina kubangele ukufa kwabantu abayi-1833: 2 e-Alabama, 2 eGeorgia, 14 eFlorida, 238 eMississipi nabangu-1577 135 eLouisiana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bekunyamalale i-XNUMX.
Ukulimala kwempahla
- Ku eningizimu yeFlorida naseCuba umonakalo walinganiselwa kwisigidi esisodwa kuya kweziyizigidi ezimbili zamaRandi, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezifo ezikhukhulayo nezigawuliwe. Kwakunemvula enkulu eFlorida, ne-250mm, naseCuba, ne-200mm. Idolobha laseCuba iBatabanó lalinezikhukhula ezingama-90%.
- En Louisiana Imvula nayo ibishubile, kusuka ku-200 kuye ku-250mm, okwenze ukuthi izinga leLake Pontchartrain likhuphuke, nokuthe lapho kwagcwala amadolobha aphakathi kweSlidell neMandeville. I-10 Twin Span Bridge, exhumanise uSlidell neNew Orleans, yacekelwa phansi.
- En New Orleans izimvula bezinamandla kangangokuba lonke idolobha ligcwele izikhukhula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uKatrina wabangela ukwephulwa okungu-53 ohlelweni lwama-levee olwaluvikela. Imigwaqo ibingenakufinyeleleka, ngaphandle kweCrescent City Connection, ngakho-ke bebengashiya idolobha kuphela ngayo.
- En Mississippi, kudale umonakalo olinganiselwa ezigidini zamaRandi emabhulohweni, ezikebheni, ezimotweni, ezindlini nasemapayipi. Isiphepho sadabula phakathi kwaso, okwaholela ekutheni izifunda ezingama-82 zamemezele izindawo eziyinhlekelele zosizo lukahulumeni.
- Ku ENingizimu-mpumalanga ye-US Imimoya ka-107km / h yaqoshwa e-Alabama, lapho kwavela khona neziphepho ezine. IDauphin Island yalimala kabi. Ngenxa yesiphepho, amabhishi aguguleka.
Njengoba ibheke enyakatho futhi ibuthaka, uKatrina wayesenamandla anele okubangela izikhukhula eKentucky, West Virginia nase-Ohio.
Ngokuphelele, Ukulimala kwempahla kulinganiselwa ku- $ 108 million, futhi uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izehlakalo zezulu ezinkulu, umuntu angasho umthelela omubi weziphepho zangaphambili njengeSiphepho i-Harvey.
Umthelela wezemvelo
Uma sikhuluma ngeziphepho sivame ukucabanga ngomonakalo eziwenzayo emadolobheni amakhulu nasemadolobheni, okuyinto enengqondo impela ngoba senza izimpilo zethu kulezo zindawo. Kodwa-ke, kwesinye isikhathi kuyenzeka ukuthi enye yalezi zimo idale umonakalo omkhulu emvelweni. NoKatrina wayengomunye wabo.
Konakaliswe umhlaba ongaba ngu-560km2 eLouisiana, ngokusho I-United States Geological Survey, izindawo lapho kwakukhona ama-pelican ase-brown, ama-turtles, izinhlanzi nezilwane eziningi zasolwandle. Futhi hhayi lokho kuphela, kepha kwadingeka ukuthi kuvalwe izindawo zokuvikela izilwane zasendle eziyishumi nesithupha.
ELouisiana, kube nokuchitheka kukawoyela ezikhungweni ezingama-44 eningizimu-mpumalanga, elihunyushelwe kumalitha ayizigidi ezingama-26. Iningi lalilawulwa, kepha abanye bafinyelela imvelo kanye nedolobha laseMeraux.
Imiphumela kubantu besizwe
Uma uswele ukudla namanzi, wenza noma yini ukuze ukuthole. Kodwa akuwena wedwa ophangayo nontshontshayo: abantu abanobudlova nabo bazokwenza lokho. Yilokho kanye okwenzeka e-United States. I-United States National Guard kufakwe amasosha angama-58.000 ukuzama ukulawula amadolobha, yize bebengakutholi kulula: izinga lokubulawa kwabantu kusukela ngoSepthemba 2005 kuya kuNhlolanja 2006 likhule ngama-28% kufinyelela ekubulaweni kwabantu abayi-170.
Ngabe kwathathwa izinyathelo ezifanele?
Indlu eyonakele eFlorida ngemuva kweSiphepho uKatrina.
Kukhona labo abacabanga lokho uHulumeni wase-United States akazange enze konke okusemandleni ukugwema ukulahleka kwabantu. Umrepha Kanye West ekhonsathini yenzuzo esakazwa yi-NBC uthe "uGeorge Bush akabakhathaleli abantu abamnyama." Lowo owayengumongameli waphendula kulokhu kumangalelwa ngokuthi lesi kwakuyisikhathi esibi kunazo zonke sokuba ngumongameli wakhe, esolwa ngokungafanele ngokubandlulula.
UJohn prescott, owayeyiPhini likaNdunankulu wase-United Kingdom, wathi “isikhukhula esibi eNew Orleans sisisondeza ekukhathazekeni kwabaholi bamazwe afana neMaldives, izizwe zawo ezisengozini yokunyamalala ngokuphelele. Izwe laseMelika belinqikaza inqubo ye-Kyoto, engikubheka njengephutha.
Ngaphandle kwalokhu okwenzekile, amazwe amaningi ayefuna ukusiza abasindile bakaKatrina, ngokuthumela imali, ukudla, imithi noma yini ababengayenza. Usizo lwamazwe omhlaba belulukhulu kangangokuba kuma-dollar ayizigidi ezingama-854 abawatholile, badinga ama-40 kuphela (ngaphansi kuka-5%).
ISiphepho uKatrina sashiya umthelela waso e-United States, kodwa ngicabanga okuncane ngathi sonke. Kwakungenye yezethulo ezibaluleke kakhulu zamandla emvelo. Imvelo ekhona, isisinakekela isikhathi esiningi, futhi kwesinye isikhathi isifaka esivivinyweni.
