Emkhakheni wamakhemikhali, i-matter ihlukaniswa ngokuyisisekelo ibe izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko: i-organic matter kanye ne-inorganic matter. Uhlobo ngalunye lunezici ezihlukile futhi, ikakhulukazi, lufeza imisebenzi eyahlukene ngaphakathi kwemvelo. I-organic matter ihlotshaniswa nezinto eziphilayo, kuyilapho i-inorganic matter ingeyezinto ezingaphili, naphezu kokufana okuthile ekubunjweni. Ngokukhethekile, izakhi zamakhemikhali ezithile zingatholakala kuzo zombili izigaba zento, nakuba ngezilinganiso ezihluke ngokuphawulekayo.
Iyini i-organic matter?
I-Organic matter ibhekisela ezintweni ezakhiwe ngamakhemikhali aqukethe ama-athomu e-carbon, yingakho i-organic chemistry ngokuvamile ibizwa ngokuthi "i-carbon chemistry." Igama elithi organic matter libhekisela kulokho okuhlotshaniswa nempilo.: ihlanganisa izingxenye ezakha imizimba yezinto eziphilayo, kanye neningi lezinto zazo nemikhiqizo ewudoti. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nendlela izinto eziphilayo ezithinta ngayo i-ecosystem, ungabheka isihloko sethu esithi Iqhaza lenhlabathi yamahlathi ekufudumaleni komhlaba.
Kumatemu okwakheka komhlaba, izinto eziphilayo zimelela ungqimba olungaphezulu lomhlabathi, oluhlanganisa izinsalela ezibolile zezinto eziphilayo, okuhlanganisa izitshalo, izilwane, nemfucumfucu, ehlinzeka ngemisoco ebalulekile ezintweni eziphilayo ezikhiqizayo ezifana nezimila. Umhlabathi onezinga eliphezulu kakhulu lezinto eziphilayo ubonwa njengovunde kakhulu.
Izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo
I-organic matter ngokuvamile iqukethe:
- I-Las amaprotheni Ama-macromolecule akhiwe ngokulandelana kwama-amino acid, abonisa izici ze-physicochemical ezihlukile ezihluka ngokuya ngobunkimbinkimbi bazo.
- I-Los lipids Ziyizinhlanganisela ezibonakala ngemvelo yazo ye-hydrophobic, ehlanganisa ama-fatty acids, ama-wax, ama-sterols, amavithamini ancibilikayo amafutha, i-glycerides nama-phospholipids. Imisebenzi yayo ihlanganisa ukugcinwa kwamandla, ukusayina kwamaseli, nokwakha ulwelwesi lwamaseli.
- Ama-carbohydrate, owaziwa nangokuthi ama-saccharides, angama-molecule akhiwe i-carbon, i-hydrogen nomoya-mpilo. Zisebenza njengezinhlangano zebhayoloji ezihlinzeka ngomthombo wamandla.
Izinto eziphilayo emhlabathini
I-Soil organic matter isuka emijikelezweni yokuphila yezinto eziphilayo ezihlukahlukene, lapho udoti wayo kanye nezinto zebhayoloji, lapho zibola, zinomthelela engxubeni eyinkimbinkimbi enomsoco futhi esetshenziswa kalula izinhlangano ezizimele njengezitshalo.
Ngokuvamile, kunezigaba ezintathu ze-organic matter maqondana nokwakheka kwenhlabathi:
- izinto ezintsha eziphilayo: izinsalela zezinto eziphilayo zesimanjemanje, ezibonakala ngokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-carbohydrate kanye nenani elibalulekile lamandla.
- Izinto eziphilayo ezihlukaniswe kancane: Ihlinzeka ngokuqukethwe okukhulu kwe-organic kanye nezakhi emhlabathini, isebenza njengomanyolo noma umanyolo.
- I-organic matter ebolile: idlula isikhathi eside sokubola. Nakuba inganikezi inani elikhulu lezakhamzimba, yenza kube lula ukumuncwa kwamanzi emhlabathini.
Ukubaluleka kwezinto eziphilayo
Ukuba khona kwezinto eziphilayo emhlabathini kubaluleke kakhulu. Ngokuyinhloko, inikeza izakhi ezibalulekile nezinto ezisebenzisekayo ezintweni eziphilayo ezizihambelayo, kuhlanganise nezitshalo, kanye nezinto ezibolayo, njengesikhunta namagciwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iguqula izakhiwo ezingokomzimba namakhemikhali omhlaba, ithuthukise amandla ayo okugcina amanzi nokusebenza njengesivikelo samazinga e-pH ukuvimbela ukuwohloka. Izinto eziphilayo nazo zidlala indima ebalulekile ekwehliseni ukuhlukahluka kwezinga lokushisa elidlulele ngaphakathi kwenhlabathi. Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nezinqubo zezulu kungahlaziywa kabanzi esihlokweni sethu esithi indima yama-tundra ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu. Kubalulekile kulezi zinqubo.
Ngokuphambene, izinto eziphilayo ze-heterotrophic, kuhlanganise nabantu, zidinga izinto eziphilayo ukuze ziphile, njengoba zingakwazi ukuhlanganisa izinto ezibalulekile ezidingekayo ekuphileni.
Izibonelo zezinto eziphilayo
Phakathi kwama-organic compounds avame ukutholakala kukhona:
- I-Los ama-hydrocarbons, njenge-benzene negesi yemvelo, kanye ne-petroleum nezinto eziphuma kuyo, njengophethiloli, ziyizibonelo eziphawulekayo.
- I-Los ama-carbohydrate wesakhiwo, njenge-cellulose, nama-carbohydrate okugcina amandla, njengesitashi, atholakala ezitshalweni.
- I-Las imicu eyenza ukhuni lwezihlahla Zinezindonga zamaseli ezakhiwe nge-cellulose, i-hemicellulose ne-lignin.
- Ngokufanayo, i- Usilika okhiqizwa izibungu zezimvemvane ezithile phakathi noshintsho lwazo wakhiwa amaprotheni.
- I-Los izinsalela zamathambo ezilwane ezihlukahlukene, kanye neyabantu, kanye nemfucumfucu ekhiqizwa izilwane.
izinto ezingaphili
I-inorganic matter ibhekisela ezintweni ezingaveli ezinqubweni zamakhemikhali ezihlobene nokuphila; esikhundleni salokho, zihambisana nezimiso zokukhanga i-ionic kanye ne-electromagnetic. Nokho, lokhu Akusho ukuthi lezi zinto azifani nhlobo nezinto eziphilayo., njengoba eziningi zitholakala emizimbeni yazo noma zisebenza njengama-substrates anomsoco. Ukuze uqonde ukuthi lezi zinto zinethonya kanjani i-ecosystem, kungase kusize ukuhlola isihloko sethu esithi izinqubo ze-geological kanye nokwakheka kwezinto ezingaphili.
Izinto eziphilayo zivela ezinqubweni ezihlotshaniswa nezinto eziphilayo, kuyilapho izinto ezingaphili ziwumphumela wezinqubo ze-electromagnetic, ezivame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-ionic bonding noma i-metallic bonding. Umehluko phakathi kwalokhu kokubili ubalulekile ekuqondeni ukwakheka nokuvela kwenhlabathi kanye nemvelo.
Umehluko phakathi kwe-organic ne-inorganic matter
Kunomehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo nezingaphili. Ake sifingqe okubaluleke kakhulu:
- La izinto eziphilayo zivela ezintweni eziphilayo, kuyilapho izinto ezingaphili zikhiqizwa ngezinqubo zemvelo ezingabandakanyi ukuphila.
- El ingxenye eyinhloko yezinto eziphilayo ama-athomu e-carbon, esebenza njengesici sawo esibalulekile. Ngokuphambene, izinto ezingaphili ziqukethe izakhi zamakhemikhali ezihlukahlukene.
- I-organic matter, i-biodegradable ngokwemvelo, Ingabola ngezinqubo zebhayoloji noma ngokuwohloka okuyisisekelo. Ngokuphambene, ukubola kwe-inorganic matter kuncike ekuheheni kuka-electromagnetic (ionic).
- Izinto ezingaphili zibonakala ngokuthi ukungashi nokungaguquguquki kwayo, kuyilapho izibaseli eziyinhloko ezaziwayo zitholakala emithonjeni yemvelo, njenge-petroleum. I-organic matter ingabonisa i-isomerism, lapho ama-molecule abelana ngokwakheka okufanayo kodwa abe nezakhiwo ezihlukene zomzimba namakhemikhali ngenxa yokuhlelwa okuguquguqukayo kwama-athomu, kuyilapho i-inorganic matter ngokuvamile ayinaso lesi sici.
Njengoba ubona, zombili izinto ezisetshenziswayo zibalulekile njengoba iyilo iplanethi yethu eyenziwe ngakho futhi sibonga ukuxhumana kwakho kokubili, impilo njengoba sazi ukuthi ingathuthuka.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nokuthi iyini indaba ephilayo kanye ne-inorganic, izici zayo kanye nomehluko omkhulu.