Esikoleni sijwayele ukufunda i-physics. Kodwa-ke, kunohlobo lwe-physics ongase ungalujwayele futhi okufanele wonke umuntu alwazi. Lena yi- i-quantum physics. Abaningi abazi ukuthi iyini i-quantum physics. Kuyisihloko okuphikiswana ngaso kakhulu futhi esihehayo esingaguqula umbono wethu womkhathi osizungezile. Yithiyori ye-physics echaza ukuziphatha kwento futhi futhi inezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningana ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.
Ngakho-ke, kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ukuthi iyini i-quantum physics nokuthi yiziphi izici zayo.
Iyini i-quantum physics
I-Quantum physics ibizwa nangokuthi i-quantum noma ithiyori yemishini. Ngoba isekelwe embonweni womshini ogxile esikalini sobude kanye nesenzakalo samandla e-athomu ne-suabatomic, enikeza ukuphila okusha emibonweni yangaphambili, manje esebhekwa njengesiphelelwe yisikhathi.
Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-classical physics kanye ne-quantum physics? Lokhu kwakamuva kuchaza imisebe nendaba njengezimo ezimbili: amagagasi nezinhlayiya. Ngakho-ke, ububili bezinhlayiyana zamagagasi bungabhekwa njengesinye sezici zale mechanics. Ubudlelwano phakathi kwamagagasi nezinhlayiya buyafundwa futhi buqinisekiswe ngezimiso ezimbili:
- Umgomo wokuphelelisana
- Umgomo ka-Heisenberg wokungaqiniseki (owokugcina wenza ngokusemthethweni owokuqala).
Ngokuqinisekile singaqiniseka ukuthi, ngemva kokutholakala kwenkolelo-mbono yokuhlobana kanye nokuzalwa kwe-physics yakudala, le mininingwane ingenise inkathi entsha, i-physics yesimanje. Ukuze ufunde ngokucophelela i-quantum mechanics, ukuhlanganiswa phakathi kwemikhakha ehlukene yefiziksi kuyadingeka:
- I-atomic physics
- Izinhlayiya ezingokomzimba
- I-Physics yendaba
- I-nuclear physics
Origen
I-Classic physics angikwazanga ukufunda izinto ezingeni elincane ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, okungase kuthiwe kungaphezu kobubanzi bokulinganisa kwe-athomu. Ngakho-ke, akunakwenzeka ukutadisha iqiniso lokuhlola, ikakhulukazi izenzakalo ezihlobene nokukhanya nama-electron. Kodwa abantu bahlale befuna ukuqhubekela phambili, futhi ilukuluku lakhe azalwa nalo limenza ahlole okwengeziwe.
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX, ukutholwa okwavela esikalini se-athomu kwabekela inselele imibono emidala. Ithiyori ye-Quantum yazalwa ngenxa yegama elaqanjwa isifundiswa uMax Planck ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX. Umqondo oyisisekelo ukuthi ubukhulu obuncane be-microscopic kanye nenani lezinye izinhlelo ezibonakalayo zingashintsha ngokungaqhubeki kodwa ngokusobala.
Lezi yizifundo nocwaningo olwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukufinyelela lezi ziphetho:
- 1803: ukuqashelwa kwama-athomu njengengxenye yama-molecule
- 1860: i-periodic table ihlanganisa ama-athomu ngezakhiwo zamakhemikhali
- 1874: ukutholakala kwe-electron kanye ne-nucleus
- 1887: izifundo emisebeni ye-ultraviolet
Idethi yokugcina ingase imake umugqa ohlukanisayo oyinhloko. Kumafrikhwensi emisebe angaphansi komkhawulo, isenzeko sokusebenzelana (umphumela wesithombe kagesi) phakathi kwemisebe ye-electromagnetic kanye nendaba iyanyamalala. Ngenxa yomphumela we-photoelectric, amandla ama-electron alingana nemvamisa yemisebe ye-electromagnetic. Ithiyori yegagasi ka-Maxwell ayisanele ukuchaza izenzakalo ezithile. Ungafunda kabanzi ngendaba esihlokweni sethu esithi kuyini ukukhanya.
Umbono we-Quantum
Ukufingqa izici ezibe nomthelela ekuzalweni kwe-quantum physics, singafaka kuhlu izinsuku ezibaluleke kakhulu ezihlotshaniswa nokutholwa kanye nolwazi olusetshenziswa ukulandelela umlando we-quantum mechanics:
- 1900: I-Planck yethula umbono wokuthi amandla abalwa ngokwenani, amuncwa futhi akhishwe.
- 1905: Einstein ikhombisa umphumela we-photoelectric (amandla enkambu ye-electromagnetic athuthwa i-quanta yokukhanya (ama-photons)
- 1913: Bohr ilinganisa ukunyakaza kwe-orbital kwe-electron.
- 1915: I-Sommerfeld yethula imithetho emisha, ihlanganisa izindlela zokulinganisa.
Kodwa kusukela ngo-1924 kuya phambili lapho ithiyori ye-quantum, njengoba siyazi namuhla, yabeka izisekelo. Ngalolu suku, uLouise de Broggie wasungula inkolelo-mbono yamagagasi ezinto. Ngonyaka olandelayo, uHeinsburg wathatha izintambo, wasungula oomakhenikha be-matrix, wabe u-Dirac ehlongoza inkolelo-mbono ekhethekile yokuhlobana ngo-1927. Kwaze kwaba ngu-1982, lapho i-Orsay Institute of Optics iqeda uphenyo lwayo lokwephulwa kokungalingani kukaBell, lokhu okutholakele kwaqhubeka ngokulandelana. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi i-biography ka Max Planck bangakunikeza imininingwane eyengeziwe mayelana nomnikelo wabo.
Izimiso ze-quantum physics
Phakathi kokutholwe okuthakazelisa kakhulu sithola:
- Ububili bezinhlayiyana zamagagasi
- Isimiso sokuphelelisana
- Ukuqala kokungaqiniseki
I-wave-particle dualism
Ngaphambili, kwakukhona i-classical physics kuphela. Lokhu kwahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili emithetho:
- Imithetho kaNewton
- Imithetho kaMaxwell
Isethi yokuqala yemithetho ichaza ukunyakaza kanye nokuguquguquka kwezinto ezishintshwayo, kuyilapho isethi yesibili yemithetho ichaza ukuthambekela nokuxhumana phakathi kwezihloko eziyingxenye yezinkambu ze-electromagnetic: ukukhanya namaza omsakazo, isibonelo.
Okunye ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi ungacabanga ukukhanya njengegagasi. Kodwa azikaqinisekiswa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukukhanya kunemvelo yezinhlayiya (kusuka ku-Einstein no-Planck) futhi, ngakho-ke, umqondo wokuthi wakhiwe ngama-photon uye wazuza ukuba semthethweni okwengeziwe. Ngenxa kaBohr kwaqondwa ukuthi uhlobo lwendaba nemisebe kwakuyi:
- Yenza kube igagasi
- Kwenze umzimba
Kwakungasenakwenzeka ukucabanga ngombono owodwa noma kwenye, kodwa ngombono ohambisanayo. Isimiso esihambisanayo sikaBohr sigcizelela leli phuzu kuphela, okungukuthi, izenzakalo ezenzeka esikalini se-athomu zinezakhiwo ezimbili zamagagasi nezinhlayiya. Ukuze uqonde lesi simo ngokuqhubekayo, ungabheka isihloko esithi i-quantum superposition.
Isimiso sokungaqiniseki se-Heinsenberg
Njengoba sishilo ekuqaleni ngo-1927, uHeinsenberg wabonisa ukuthi amapheya athile omthamo obonakalayo, njengejubane nendawo, ayikwazi ukubhalisa kanyekanye ngaphandle kwephutha. Ukunemba kungase kuthinte ukulinganisa okukodwa kwezimbili, kodwa hhayi kokubili ngesikhathi esisodwa, ngenxa yokuthi izenzakalo ezifana nesivinini zizothinta omunye umphumela wokulinganisa futhi zenze ukulinganisa kungasebenzi.
Ukuze uthole i-electron, kuyadingeka ukukhanyisa i-photon. Lapho ubude begagasi be-photon buba bufishane, yilapho isilinganiso esinembe kakhulu sokuma kwe-electron. Ku-quantum physics, ubude be-waveleng obuphansi be-photons buthwala amandla nesivinini esiningi kunaleso esimuncwa ama-electron. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lezi zinyathelo azikwazi ukunqunywa. Ungafunda kabanzi ngalesi simiso esihlokweni mayelana ne I-biography ka-Heisenberg.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nokuthi iyini i-quantum physics nokuthi yiziphi izici zayo.
