Izintaba-mlilo eMexico: umsebenzi, geology, kanye nomthelela wazo endaweni

I-Mexico ingelinye lamazwe athakazelisa kakhulu ngokwesayensi yokwakheka komhlaba, elinezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zezintaba-mlilo kanye nezimo ezihambisana nazo ezilolonge indawo nomlando wayo. Kusukela emifanekisweni eyinganekwane ye-Popocatépetl kanye ne-Iztaccíhuatl, ukuya ekubonakaleni okungalindelekile kwe-Paricutín endaweni yommbila yaseMichoacan, izintaba-mlilo zilolonge kokubili indawo kanye nempilo namasiko ase-Mexico. Kodwa, ngale komcabango odumile kanye nokutuswa kwezinhlobo zayo ezimangalisayo, kunenethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi yezinqubo ze-geological, ubungozi, izinzuzo, kanye nokuguquguquka kwe-tectonic okufanele kuhlolisiswe ngokuningiliziwe nangokuqinile.

Le ndatshana ihlose ukuhlinzeka ngemininingwane ebanzi neyakamuva yezintaba-mlilo zase-Mexico, ezihlanganisa ukusatshalaliswa kwazo, izinhlobo, izinqubo zokubunjwa, umsebenzi wakamuva, nezici ze-geological eziwumsuka wazo. Izintaba ezibaluleke kakhulu, izifunda eziyinhloko zentaba-mlilo, kanye nomthelela we-plate tectonics kuzobuyekezwa, kanye ne-akhawunti enemininingwane yezenzakalo zomlando nezamanje eziye zalolonga ubuhlobo phakathi komphakathi waseMexico nezintaba-mlilo zawo. Ukwengeza, ubungozi obuhlobene, ukuqhuma kwezintaba, indima edlalwa izintaba-mlilo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, kanye nezinselelo isayensi ebhekana nazo ekuqapheni nasekuvimbeleni izinhlekelele zemvelo ezihlobene nomsebenzi wentaba-mlilo.

I-volcanic geography yaseMexico: ubuningi bezinhlelo zezintaba

Indawo yaseMexico igqame ngezimo zayo ezimazombezombe, ezinezintaba, amagquma namagquma okuyikhaya lamakhulu ezintaba-mlilo eziqhumayo nezingasebenzi. Lokhu kuhlukahluka kunemvelaphi yakho ezinqubweni eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-tectonic, ikakhulukazi ukusebenzisana phakathi kwe-Cocos Plate ne-North American Plate, kanye nomthelela wamanye ama-microplates afana ne-Rivera Plate. Lokhu kuguquguquka sekukhiqize, ezigidini zeminyaka, izintaba nezinhlelo ze-orogenic ezibaluleke kakhulu, phakathi kwazo okulandelayo okugqamayo:

• I-Sierra Madre Occidental: Isuka eSonora iye eNayarit, enobude obucishe bube ngu-1,250 km kanye nokuphakama okuphakathi kwamamitha angu-2,250 ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle. Ibhekwa njengokuqhubeka kwezintaba zaseRocky eNyakatho Melika futhi yakhiwa yintaba-mlilo yasendulo kakhulu. Ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nokwakhiwa kwalezi zinhlelo ku imvelaphi yezintaba-mlilo kanye ne-tectonics.
• I-Sierra Madre Oriental: Ngamakhilomitha angaphezu kuka-1,300 ubude, isuka e-Coahuila iye eVeracruz nase-Oaxaca, inqamule izifunda ezibalulekile ezisenyakatho-mpumalanga nasempumalanga yezwe. Iwukhahlamba lwezintaba olucebile ngokuhlukahluka kwe-geological, nakuba intaba-mlilo encane kunenkaba nentshonalanga.
• I-Sierra Madre del Sur: Lolu chungechunge lusuka e-Jalisco luye e-Isthmus of Tehuantepec, lunqamule e-Colima, eMichoacán, e-Guerrero nase-Oaxaca. Okubaluleke kakhulu ekuhlukaniseni i-orographic kanye nesimo sezulu eningizimu yeMexico.
• I-Trans-Mexican Volcanic Axis (Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, TMF): Isistimu yentaba-mlilo ebaluleke kakhulu yaseMexico isuka eNayarit iye eVeracruz, inqamule indawo emaphakathi yezwe futhi iyikhaya kwezinye zezintaba-mlilo ezigqamile nezisebenzayo, njengePopocatépetl, Iztaccíhuatl, Nevado de Toluca, nePico de Orizaba. Ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nezinhlobo ezahlukene zezintaba-mlilo ku ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlobo ze-volcano.
• I-Sierra Madre yaseChiapas: Igcwele esifundazweni saseChiapas futhi ihlanganisa nentaba-mlilo iTacaná, emngceleni neGuatemala, enye yeziphakeme kakhulu endaweni.
• Izintaba zaseCalifornia: Idabula eNhlonhlweni ye-Baja California, kuhlanganise nezintaba zombili kanye nezinhlelo zentaba-mlilo endleleni.

I-Tectonic Dynamics kanye ne-volcanism: umsuka wezintaba-mlilo zaseMexico

Ukuvela nokusebenza kwezintaba-mlilo zaseMexico kuhlobene ngokuqondile ne-plate tectonics, ikakhulukazi lapho kuhlangana khona i-Cocos Plate (ehamba ngaphansi kwe-North American Plate) kanye ne-Rivera Plate. Lokhu kusebenzisana akugcini nje ngokuzamazama komhlaba, kodwa futhi kubangele ukuqhuma okukhulu kwentaba-mlilo, okubangela ukwakheka kwe-Trans-Mexican Volcanic Axis. Ukuze uqonde kangcono ukuthi kwenzeka kanjani i-volcanism, ungathintana izintaba-mlilo ezinkulu emhlabeni.

Izinqubo ezihilelekile zihlanganisa ukungqubuzana, ukucindezela, nokushisa okukhulu, okukhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwe-magma amakhilomitha ambalwa ngaphansi koqweqwe loMhlaba. I-Magma ikhuphuka ngokuphuka noma ubuthakathaka kuqweqwe, okubangela izintaba-mlilo ze-morphologies ehlukahlukene, ukusuka kuma-conical stratovolcano kuya kuma-lava domes, ama-scoria cones, nezinkambu zentaba-mlilo.

IMexico nayo itholakala ngaphakathi kwalokho okubizwa ngokuthi yiPacific Ring of Fire., uchungechunge olukhulu lwezintaba-mlilo nezindawo zokuzamazama komhlaba ezizungeze ulwandle futhi ezibangela iningi lentaba-mlilo eqhumayo emhlabeni. Ukuze uthole imininingwane eyengeziwe, bheka izintaba-mlilo eziyingozi kakhulu emhlabeni.

Ukusatshalaliswa kanye nezinhlobo zezintaba-mlilo eMexico

IMexico inezintaba-mlilo ezihlonziwe ezingaphezu kuka-2,000 8,000, nakuba abanye ochwepheshe beqaphela ukuba khona kwezakhiwo zentaba-mlilo eziphakathi kuka-10,000 XNUMX nezingu-XNUMX XNUMX ngamazinga ahlukahlukene okusebenza nokulondolozwa. Ingxenyana kuphela ebhekwa njengesebenzayo noma engase ibe yingozi kubantu.

Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zezintaba-mlilo endaweni yaseMexico:

• I-Stratovolcanoes: Zizinde kakhulu futhi zaziwa ngokuma kwazo okuyisiyingi kanye nomsebenzi wokuqhuma. Izibonelo eziyizifanekiselo i-Popocatépetl, i-Pico de Orizaba, i-Colima Volcano ne-Tacaná. Baqoqa izendlalelo ze-lava kanye ne-pyroclastic material. Ulwazi olwengeziwe ngezinhlobo zentaba-mlilo ku.
• Ama-Cinder cones: Izakhiwo ezincane, eziphakeme kakhulu, ezikhiqizwa ukuqhuma kweziqhumane zesikhashana. IParicutín ingenye edume kakhulu emhlabeni, ngenxa yokuzalwa kwayo kwakamuva ekhulwini lama-20.
• I-Shield volcanos: Ayivamile kangako eMexico, inemithambeka ethambile futhi yakhiwe udaka oluwuketshezi kakhulu. Izibonelo zezwekazi zitholakala e-Coahuila nase-Tamaulipas.
• Izintaba-mlilo nezintaba-mlilo: Zibonakala ngokuphuma kwe-lava ngokusebenzisa imifantu emide, evame kakhulu enyakatho-ntshonalanga nasenyakatho-mpumalanga yezwe.
• Izindawo zokuhlala ezengeziwe e-Lava: Izakhiwo ezibangelwa ukuqhuma nokuwa kwangaphambilini, njenge-Los Humeros caldera e-Puebla.

Izintaba-mlilo ezinkulu zaseMexico: indawo, izici, nomsebenzi

Indawo yaseMexico iyikhaya lezintaba-mlilo eziningi eziphawuleka ngobude bazo, umlando weziqhumane, kanye nokuba seduze kwezindawo ezinabantu abaningi. Ezinye ezibaluleke kakhulu zichazwe ngezansi:

• I-Orizaba Peak (Citlaltépetl): I-colossus ende kunazo zonke eMexico naseNyakatho Melika (amamitha angu-5,636 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle), itholakala phakathi kweVeracruz nePuebla. Kuyi-stratovolcano esebenzayo, enamarekhodi omlando okuqhuma, okokugcina ngokuqina okukhulu ngekhulu le-XNUMX. Kuyingqophamlando yeqhwa layo, nakuba namuhla likhombisa izimpawu zokuncipha ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
• I-Popocatépetl: Itholakala phakathi kweSifundazwe SaseMexico, iPuebla neMorelos, ingeyesibili ngobukhulu (amamitha angu-5,452 ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle) futhi isebenza kakhulu ezweni namuhla. Selokhu yavuselelwa ngo-1994, isibe nokuqhuma okuncane neziqephu eziningi zokuqhuma kweziqhumane, futhi iqashwe ngeso lokhozi ngenxa yobungozi obuyibeka kubantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-20 abahlala endaweni engamakhilomitha angama-70 ukusuka kuntaba-mlilo.
• I-Colima Volcano (Intabamlilo Yomlilo): Phakathi kwe-Colima ne-Jalisco, iphakama ifike ku-4,100 amamitha ngaphezu kogu lolwandle futhi yaziwa ngokusebenza kwayo njalo. Liye laqopha ukuqhuma okungaba ngu-25 kusukela ekhulwini le-XNUMX kuze kube namuhla futhi libhekwa njengesinye sezingozi ezinkulu emazweni aseMelika.
• Iztaccíhuatl: I-silhouette yayo elele ingenye yezithombe ezigqamile zeSigodi saseMexico. Nakuba umsebenzi wayo wokugcina obalulekile uhlehlela emuva ku-Pleistocene, ubonisa umlando ohlaba umxhwele wokwakheka, ukucekelwa phansi, nokubunjwa kwezinguzunga zeqhwa kanye nezinqubo zokuguguleka.
• I-Paricutín: Intaba-mlilo encane kunazo zonke yaseMexico yaqhuma kungazelelwe endaweni yommbila eMichoacán ngo-1943 futhi yakhula ngaphezu kwamamitha angu-400 esikhathini esingamasonto ambalwa. Kuyisibonelo se-paradigmatic se-monogenetic volcanism kanye nesihloko sezifundo eziningi ze-geological.
• I-Nevado de Toluca (Xinantécatl): I-stratovolcano engamamitha angu-4,558 ukuphakama, edume ngamachibi ayo e-crater kanye nezindawo eziphakeme zezintaba.
• I-Tacaná: Itholakala emngceleni ophakathi kweChiapas neGuatemala, ifinyelela ngaphezu kwamamitha angu-4,000 ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle futhi isanda kusebenza, idlala indima ebalulekile ekuqhathaniseni izifundo zentaba-mlilo esifundeni saseMelika Ephakathi.
• I-Bump (Chichonal): EChiapas, ukuqhuma kwawo ngo-1982 kwakungenye yezindawo ezinodlame kakhulu ekhulwini lama-XNUMX, okwabangela umonakalo omkhulu, ukulahlekelwa ukuphila, nokuphazamiseka kwesimo sezulu kwesikhashana esifundeni.

Amanye amasistimu nezinkambu zentaba-mlilo eziphawulekayo

Ngaphandle kwalezi ziqhwaga ezishiwo ngenhla, kunezinye izinhlelo zentaba-mlilo ezinentshisekelo enkulu yesayensi nezindawo:

• Izindawo zokuhlala ezengeziwe e-Michoacán-Guanajuato: Baphethe ngaphezu kwe-1,400 yama-monogenetic cones, kuhlanganise ne-Paricutín nezinye izakhiwo ezincane.
• I-Los Humeros Caldera (Puebla/Veracruz): Iphawuleka ngamandla ayo e-geothermal kanye nekhono layo lokukhiqiza ukuqhuma okukhulu njalo emakhulwini ezinkulungwane zeminyaka.
• Izinkambu zentaba-mlilo enyakatho-mpumalanga: Itholakala eCoahuila, eNuevo León, eTamaulipas naseSan Luis Potosí. Kubandakanya izintaba-mlilo eziqhekekile, izihlangu ze-lava, ama-cinder cones, nezintamo ezimangalisayo zentaba-mlilo njengeBernal de Horcasitas.
• Izintaba-mlilo zaseBaja California: Njengo-Tres Vírgenes, i-Cerro Prieto nabanye, abanomlando kanye namandla okukhiqiza amandla okushisa komhlaba.
• Izintaba-mlilo zasesiqhingini: Izibonelo zalokhu iSocorro (Evermann) neBárcena eZiqhingini zaseRevillagigedo, eziye zaqopha ukuqhuma kwekhulu lama-20.

Izinqubo eziqhumayo kanye nezingozi ezihlobene

E-Mexico, kukhonjwa izinhlobo ezimbili ezinkulu zokuqhuma: effusive (ebonakala ngokuphuma kodaka oluwuketshezi lwengozi ephansi esheshayo, njengaleyo yaseHawaii) kanye kuqhuma (okuyingozi kakhulu, kuyashesha futhi kucekela phansi, okukhiqiza amafu avuthayo noma ukugeleza kwe-pyroclastic, okufana nalokho kwe-Popocatépetl noma i-Chichón). Ukuze uqonde izinhlobo ezahlukene nezingozi, buyekeza kungani kuqhuma izintaba-mlilo.

Ingozi yezintaba-mlilo zaseMexico ilele ezicini eziningana:

• Ubuduze nezindawo eziminyene: Indawo yedolobha elikhulu laseMexico City, iPuebla, namanye amadolobha amaphakathi ahlala amakhilomitha ambalwa ukusuka ezintabeni eziqhumayo.
• Ubunzima bokubikezela ukuqhuma kweziqhumane: Iziqephu ezinodlame kakhulu zingabikezelwa futhi zidlule umthamo wokuqapha ovamile.
• Isizukulwane sezimo zesibili: Okufana nama-lahar (ukugeleza kodaka lwentaba-mlilo), izinguzunga zeqhwa, umlotha, ukuzamazama komhlaba okuhlobene, nomthelela empilweni yabantu nakwezolimo.
• Umthelela emkhathini: Ukuqhuma okukhulu kungapholisa isimo sezulu okwesikhashana ngokukhipha ama-aerosol nomlotha, njengoba kwenzeka ngemva kweChichón ngo-1982.

Ukuqapha kwesikhathi sangempela kanye nocwaningo lwemikhakha eminingi luyisihluthulelo sokuvimbela nokusabela engozini, okubandakanya amanyuvesi, Ukuvikelwa Komphakathi, Isikhungo Sikazwelonke Sokuvinjelwa Kwezinhlekelele (CENAPRED), kanye nezinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe.

Ukuziphendukela kwe-glacial kanye nezinqubo ze-geomorphological ezintaba-mlilo eziphakeme

Izintaba-mlilo eziphakeme kakhulu zaseMexico, njenge-Popocatépetl, i-Iztaccíhuatl, ne-Pico de Orizaba, kube yisihloko socwaningo mayelana nokuvela kwezinguzunga zeqhwa kanye nokubunjwa kwendawo ngeqhwa namanzi. Ukuhlehla kwe-glacier, okuqiniswe ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, kunemithelela ebalulekile ekutholakaleni kwamanzi kanye nezingozi ze-geomorphological (njengama-lahar nama-avalanche). Ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nezinqubo ze-geomorphological ezihlobene nezintaba-mlilo, funda Siyini isigodi futhi sakhiwe kanjani?.

E-Iztaccíhuatl, eqala kumamitha angu-3,400 ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle, izigodi eziningi nama-glacial cirques angabonakala, ofakazi bomsebenzi oshubile weqhwa ePleistocene edlule. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Ayoloco glacier yacwaningwa kwaze kwaba yilapho isinyamalala kule minyaka eyishumi edlule.

E-Popocatépetl, ama-glacial deposits agqitshwe kakhulu ngokuphuma okuqhubekayo komlotha nokugeleza kwe-pyroclastic, okwenza ukuhlaziya kwawo kube nzima. Ucwaningo lwakamuva lubonisa ukuthi izikhathi zokuqhuma okukhulu zifaka isandla ekulahlekeni kweqhwa ngokushesha.

Iqhaza lezintaba-mlilo ekuthuthukisweni kwabantu nemvelo

Kunokuba zibe usongo nje, izintaba-mlilo zinikeza izinzuzo ezinkulu zemvelo nezomnotho:

• Ukwakheka komkhathi: Ukukhishwa kwamagesi afana ne-CO₂, H₂I-O nezinye izinto eziguquguqukayo ziyisisekelo emlandweni wokuziphendukela kwemvelo weplanethi kanye nokuthuthuka kokuphila.
• Ukunothisa umhlabathi: Imikhiqizo yomlotha nentaba-mlilo ikhulisa ukuvunda komhlabathi, okwenza izindawo ezinezintaba-mlilo zibe izindawo ezinhle kakhulu kwezolimo nokufuya.
• Indawo yokugcina amanzi: Izintaba-mlilo zisebenza njengabaqoqi nabalawuli bamanzi, ziphakela iziphethu ezibalulekile namachibi emadolobheni aseduze.
• Amandla we-geothermal: I-Mexico inamaphrojekthi ambalwa asebenzayo, afana ne-Cerro Prieto (Baja California), i-Los Azufres (Michoacán), i-Los Humeros (i-Puebla) ne-Tres Vírgenes (i-Baja California Sur), esebenzisa ngokunenzuzo ukushisa okunsalela okuvela ezinhlelweni zentaba-mlilo. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana ne-geothermal energy, bheka umthelela wezinhlekelele zemvelo namandla.
• Iziphethu ezishisayo nezokuvakasha: Ukuba khona kweziphethu ezishisayo ezihlobene nentaba-mlilo kuye kwakhulisa ezokuvakasha, ezokungcebeleka, kanye nomnotho wendawo ezifundazweni ezimbalwa, njengePuebla neMichoacán.
• Izinto ezisetshenziswayo nezimboni: Impahla yentabamlilo isetshenziswa ekwakheni nasemisebenzini yezandla, njenge-pumice, i-tezontle, ne-obsidian.

Izintaba-mlilo ezisebenzayo, ukuqapha, nezinselelo zesayensi yase-Mexican

Njengamanje, izintaba-mlilo eziqashwe kakhulu futhi ezifundwe kakhulu eMexico zifaka iPopocatépetl, iColima Volcano, iPico de Orizaba, iChichón, iTacaná, iCeboruco, iLa Malinche, iSocorro, kanye nezintaba-mlilo ezifana neMichoacán-Guanajuato neChichinautzin.

Ukuqapha kusekelwe kwinhlanganisela yeziteshi zokuzamazama komhlaba, amakhamera, ukuhlaziya igesi, nezifundo ze-geophysical. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nezindlela zokuqapha, hlola ukuqapha izintaba-mlilo eziqhumayo emhlabeni jikelele.

Izintaba-mlilo zaseNyakatho-mpumalanga naseNyakatho-ntshonalanga: Umbono Ongaziwa Kancane

Inyakatho-mpumalanga nenyakatho-ntshonalanga yezwe, nakuba ingadumile kangako kune-Volcanic Axis, iyikhaya lokubonakaliswa okuphawulekayo kwentaba-mlilo:

• E-Coahuila naseTamaulipas Kukhona izintamo zentaba-mlilo ezifana neBernal de Horcasitas, kanye nezinkambu ze-lava ezincane, ezakhiwe yizintaba-mlilo nezihlangu, umsebenzi wazo osukela emuva e-Quaternary. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nokwakhiwa kwalezi zinhlelo, vakashela izinhlobo zezintaba-mlilo nokusabalalisa.
• E-Baja California Kunezintaba-mlilo ezinomlando wokuqhuma njengeTres Vírgenes neCerro Prieto, kanye nezinhlelo ezimbalwa ezisencane, ezinye zisakhipha ama-fumaroles.
• Eziqhingini zaseMexico nasezindaweni ezinezintaba-mlilo zeGulf of Mexico Kunezintaba-mlilo eziqhingini, amachibi e-crater, nobufakazi bezinto ezenzeka muva nje.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Yiziphi izintaba-mlilo ezisebenzayo eMhlabeni?

Ucwaningo lwakamuva kanye nocwaningo lwemikhakha eminingi

Intuthuko kumasu okuqapha, ukumodela izinombolo, ukuhlaziywa kwediphozithi ye-pyroclastic, nokwakhiwa kabusha kwe-paleoclimate kuthuthukise ukuqonda kwethu umlando wokuqhuma kanye namandla ezingozi ezintaba-mlilo zaseMexico. Ukuze uthole olunye ucwaningo, hlola.

Amaqembu ocwaningo avela emanyuvesi, njengeComplutense University of Madrid ngokubambisana ne-UNAM kanye neNyuvesi yaseVeracruz, asebenze ekuqaphelweni kweqhwa, i-geomorphological modeling, ukuvimbela i-lahar, nokuhlaziywa kwe-paleovegetation, ehlinzeka ngolwazi olubalulekile lokuphathwa kwezindawo ezivikelwe njenge-Izta-Popo National Park.

Uhlu lwezintaba-mlilo eziyinhloko nezici zazo

Ukuqapha kwentabamlilo, umphakathi kanye nekusasa

Ikusasa lokuhlalisana ngokuphephile nezintaba-mlilo zase-Mexico lidinga ukuqapha okuqhubekayo, ukutshalwa kwezimali kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe, imfundo, nokuqwashisa umphakathi. Iziphathimandla kanye nomphakathi kufanele bacabangele ukuthi umsebenzi wentaba-mlilo uyingxenye ejulile yemvelaphi yendawo, ingcebo, nobungozi, nokuthi ukuphatha ngendlela efanele kungashintsha izinselele zibe amathuba okuthuthukiswa komnotho, ezenhlalakahle kanye nemvelo. Ukuze uhlale unolwazi lwakamuva, hlola .

Ukuqonda nokufunda ngezintaba-mlilo zaseMexico kubalulekile ekuvikeleni izimpilo, ukusebenzisa izinsiza, kanye nokuqonda umlando wokwakheka komhlaba onikeza incazelo ezweni lethu.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Izintaba-mlilo zaseGuatemala: Ukwakhiwa, Ukusabalalisa, kanye Nezingozi Eziningiliziwe Zezindawo