I-Los ama-tsunami, lawo magagasi amakhulu acekela phansi yonke into esendleleni yawo, ayisenzakalo semvelo esithakazelisayo nesibhubhisayo. Nakuba ama-tsunami amaningi eyenzeka ngasogwini lwasePacific ne-Indian Ocean, lokhu akusho ukuthi awakwazi ukwakheka kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuqonda imvelo yawo namandla awo. Akufanele sizesabe, kodwa kudingeka sizihloniphe futhi siqonde ukuthi zakha kanjani nokuthi ziyini izici zazo eziyinhloko. Okulandelayo, sizohlola Izinto ezi-5 obungazazi ngama-tsunami.
Ama-tsunami angahamba izinkulungwane ezimbalwa zamakhilomitha ngejubane elikhulu
Lezi zenzakalo azikwazi ukubikezelwa ngokunembile, kodwa kuyaziwa ukuthi njengoba zisondela ogwini, ziyanda ngobukhulu nesivinini. Empeleni, Ziyakwazi ukuhamba ibanga elingaphezu kuka-17,000 700 km ngesivinini esimangalisayo esifinyelela ku-XNUMX km/h., uma kuqhathaniswa nendiza endizayo. Emanzini ajulile, amagagasi e-tsunami angakwazi ukubonakala emikhunjini ngenxa yokuthi ubude bawo buphansi, okubenza bakwazi ukuqhubeka nenkambo yabo benganakile. Nokho, njengoba i-tsunami isondela ogwini nokujula kwamanzi kuncipha, isivinini sayo siyehla kodwa ukuphakama kwayo kuyanda kakhulu, kukhiqize amagagasi abhubhisayo.
Abagcini ngokuletha igagasi
Ubucabanga ukuthi ama-tsunami alethe igagasi elilodwa kuphela? Iqiniso liwukuthi lezi zenzakalo azikaze zifike zodwa, noma cishe azikaze zize zodwa. Iningi lazo livame ukuletha amagagasi angaphezu kwelilodwa, okusho ukuthi ukucekelwa phansi nomonakalo odalwe kukhulu kakhulu kunalokho obekungabangelwa yigagasi elilodwa. Lawa magagasi angaba mkhulu ngokuphindwe ka-10 kunamagagasi adlule, futhi igagasi lokuqala alilona likhulu njalo. Imiphakathi yasogwini kufanele ilungiselelwe amagagasi amaningi, hhayi nje uphawu lokuqala lomthelela.
Noma yikuphi ukunyakaza okukhulu emhlabathini kungazibangela
Ama-tsunami avame ukuhlotshaniswa nokuzamazama komhlaba, kodwa akuzona kuphela lezi zimbangela. Umthelela we-meteorite noma i-asteroid, isibonelo, Kungase futhi kubangele i-tsunami, njengoba kukholakala ukuthi kwenzekile eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingu-3.46 edlule lapho isibhakabhaka sithinta uMhlaba, simboza iplanethi ngamanzi. Ngaphezu kokuzamazama komhlaba, izici ezinjengokudilika kwenhlabathi, ukuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo, nokuqhuma kwamanzi ngaphansi kwamanzi kungabangela ama-tsunami, okwenza ukutadisha nokuqapha kwawo kubaluleke kakhulu ekuvimbeleni nasekulawuleni izingozi.
Uma ufuna ukufunda kabanzi mayelana nokuthi kwenzeka kanjani i-tsunami, ungafunda mayelana i-tsunami enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni kanye nomthelela wayo.
Ama-tsunami aseJapan angafika eSan Francisco
Futhi bekuzothatha abambalwa kuphela Amahora we-10 ufike. Kuyahlaba umxhwele, akunjalo? Ijubane namandla ala magagasi kuyamangaza. Phela, i-Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, e-Honolulu, inesibopho sokuqapha nokuxwayisa ngama-tsunami angaba khona e-Pacific Ocean. Lolu hlelo futhi ludidiyela imizamo futhi lwabelane ngolwazi ukuze kunqandwe ukucekelwa phansi kanye nokunciphisa umthelela emiphakathini yasogwini.
Ulwandle kwesinye isikhathi luyehla ngaphambi kokuba lwenzeke
Nakuba zingekho izimpawu eziningi ezibonisa ukuthi i-tsunami isizokwenzeka, ngezinye izikhathi ulwandle luyehla kakhulu, okushiya ingxenye enkulu yolwandle isobala. Lesi simo, esaziwa ngokuthi 'i-ebb tide', ngokuvamile siwuphawu lwe-tsunami ezayo. Kubalulekile ukuthi imiphakathi yasogwini nabavakashi baqaphele lesi sibonakaliso, njengoba ukunikeza isixwayiso kusenesikhathi kungasindisa ukuphila.
Yakhiwa kanjani i-tsunami?
I-tsunami ingumphumela wokufuduka ngokushesha kwenqwaba yamanzi. Lesi simo ezikhathini eziningi senziwa ukuzamazama komhlaba okunesilinganiso esikhulu ngaphansi kwamanzi okubangela ukugudluka kungazelelwe ekujuleni kolwandle noma ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo. Kwezinye izimo, ukudilika komhlaba ogwini nakho kungabangela i-tsunami.
Ama-tsunami amaningi (cishe amaphesenti angama-80 engqikithi) akhiqizwa ukuzamazama komhlaba ngaphansi kwamanzi. Lapho kuba nokuzamazama komhlaba, indawo engaphansi kolwandle iyanyakaza, idale amagagasi asakazeka ngokushesha olwandle. Nakuba la magagasi engase acishe angabonakali emanzini ajulile, njengoba esondela ogwini, ijubane lawo liyehla, kodwa ukuphakama kwawo kuyanda kakhulu, okungase kukhiqize amaza angaphezu kwamamitha angu-30. Lesi sigameko yiso esiguqula ukunyakaza kokuzamazama komhlaba okukude kube yi-tsunami ebhubhisayo engaqeda imiphakathi yasogwini.
Uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe ngalesi simo, ungabheka ukuthi sinjani ilinganisa ukuphakama kwamagagasi mayelana nama-tsunami.
Ama-tsunami abhubhisa kakhulu emlandweni
Amanye ama-tsunami aceke kakhulu emlandweni wakamuva kube yilokhu:
IChile, i-1960
Ngo-May 22, 1960, i- Ukuzamazama komhlaba eValdivia, enamandla kunazo zonke emlandweni oqoshiwe, enesilinganiso esingu-9.5 magnitude, yabangela i-tsunami eyacekela phansi ugu lwaseChile. Amagagasi afinyelela kumamitha angama-20 ukuphakama futhi abangela ukufa kwabantu ababalelwa ku-2,000. Le tsunami ayizange ithinte i-Chile kuphela, kodwa iphinde yafika eHawaii naseJapane emahoreni kamuva, yabangela ukucekelwa phansi okwengeziwe nokufa okwengeziwe.
Japan, 2011
Ngo-March 11, 2011, iJapane yaba nokuzamazama komhlaba okuyisilinganiso esingu-9.0, okwadala i-tsunami eyabangela amagagasi angaphezu kwamamitha angu-10 ukuphakama futhi yabulala abantu abangaphezu kuka-20,000 XNUMX. Le nhlekelele ayigcinanga nje ngokucekela phansi imiphakathi yonke, kodwa yaphinde yabangela inkinga yenuzi yaseFukushima, umthelela wayo owaba nemiphumela yesikhathi eside kunqubomgomo yamandla kanye nempilo yezemvelo esifundeni.
E-Italy, ngo-1908
Ngo-December 28, 1908, ukuzamazama komhlaba okuyisilinganiso esingu-7.1 kwagadla emhlabeni. I-Strait yaseMessina e-Italy, okwabangela i-tsunami eyacekela phansi amadolobha aseMessina naseReggio Calabria. Balinganiselwa ku-120,000 abantu abashonile kule nhlekelele, ethathwe njengenye yezimbi kakhulu emlandweni waseYurophu.
I-Indonesia, i-2004
El I-tsunami yango-December 26, 2004, okwabangelwa ukuzamazama komhlaba okuyisilinganiso esingu-9.3 ku-Indian Ocean, kukhunjulwa njengenye yezinhlekelele zemvelo ezimbi kakhulu emlandweni. Amagagasi afinyelela ukuphakama kwamamitha angu-30 futhi abangela ukufa kwabantu abangaphezu kuka-227,000 ezizweni ezihlukahlukene. Lesi sigameko siholele ekudalweni kwezinhlelo ezintsha zokuxwayisa nge-tsunami emhlabeni wonke, okugqamisa isidingo sokulungiselela nokufundisa imiphakathi egudle ugu ngengozi ye-tsunami.
Uma ungathanda ukufunda kabanzi mayelana nokuthi izikhukhula zenzeke kanjani kwezinye izindawo hhayi kwezinye, ungafunda isihloko kungani kuvela izikhukhula.
Yiziphi izindawo ezithandwa kakhulu yi-tsunami?
Izindawo ezihlaselwe kakhulu ama-tsunami yilezo ezisePacific Ocean, ikakhulukazi eduze nolwandle indandatho yoMlilo noma “Indandatho Yomlilo,” indawo esebenza ngokuma komhlaba enezintaba-mlilo eziningi kanye namaphutha e-tectonic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezinye izindawo zokuzamazama komhlaba nezintaba-mlilo oLwandlekazini i-Indian nezinye izindawo ezincane e-Atlantic Ocean kanye noLwandle iMedithera. Ngokomlando, cishe amaphesenti angu-14 ama-tsunami aqoshiwe enzeka endaweni yokugcina, lapho ama-tectonic plate ase-Afrika naseYurophu eshayisana, ikakhulukazi ukuzamazama komhlaba e-Lisbon kanye ne-tsunami ka-1755.
Singazivikela kanjani? Ukubaluleka kokuvimbela
Ukuvimbela kubalulekile ekulawuleni ubungozi be-tsunami, njengoba kunjalo ekuzamazameni komhlaba. Ukwazi izindawo eziveziwe kanye nezinhlelo zokuxwayisa kubalulekile. Izindawo zoLwandlekazi i-Pacific zinezinhlelo zokuxwayisa ezithuthukisiwe, njenge-Pacific Tsunami Warning System, exwayisa izindawo ezisogwini ngezingozi ezingaba khona.
Umzuzu owodwa ungenza umehluko phakathi kokuphila nokufa, ngakho isixwayiso sangaphambi kwesikhathi kanye nokusabela okusheshayo okuvela emphakathini kubalulekile. Ukwenza izivivinyo zokuphuma emiphakathini yasogwini kanye nokufundisa ngezingozi ze-tsunami nakho kuyizici ezibalulekile zokulungela.
I-tsunami yaseMedithera: yiziphi izingozi?
Nakuba ama-tsunami engavamile oLwandle LwaseMedithera kunasePacific Ocean, asabeka ingozi enkulu. Ngokomlando, kusukela ngo-1600 BC kuze kube namuhla, okungenani ama-tsunami angu-290 aqoshiwe, amanye awo adale umonakalo. Ugu lwamaGreki namaNtaliyane yilona oludalulwa kakhulu, kodwa kunjalo nalolo lwasePortugal naseSpain. Eminyakeni yakamuva, izinhlelo zokuqapha nezexwayiso zenzelwe ukunciphisa ingozi ye-tsunami kulesi sigodi esinabantu abaningi.
Ukwaziswa ngezingozi nokuba nezinhlelo zokuphuma kungasindisa izimpilo. Imikhankaso yokuqwashisa nokusebenzisana phakathi kwamazwe nakho kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni amandla okuphendula kulezi zimo. Ukufunda nokuqonda ama-tsunami akubalulekile nje kuphela ekuphepheni kwemiphakathi yasogwini, kodwa futhi kunikeza izifundo ezibalulekile ngemvelo, amandla ayo, nokubaluleka kokulungela ekulawuleni izingozi zemvelo. Ngemfundo efanele kanye nezinhlelo zesenzo esisheshayo, imiphumela elimazayo yalezi zimo zemvelo ingancishiswa kakhulu.
