Enye yezikhathi zesikhathi UNeogene kwakukhona vele I-Cenozoic kwakunguye Miocene. Ngalesi sikhathi, izenzakalo eziningi zenzeka emazingeni omhlaba, isimo sezulu kanye nemvelo. Kwaba nokuguquguquka okukhulu kwezinga lokushisa, okuqala ngokuncipha bese kwanda kancane kancane. Lokhu kunyuka kwamazinga okushisa kwaholela ekuthuthukisweni kwezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane nezitshalo, okungase kuqhathaniswe nalokho okwenzeka endaweni yasendle. Miocene.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela zonke izici, i-geology, isimo sezulu, izimbali nezilwane zaseMiocene.
Izici eziyinhloko
Le nkathi yaqala cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-23 edlule futhi yaphela cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezinhlanu edlule. Izinguquko zatholwa ezingeni le-orogenic lapho iziqu zezintaba ezahlukahlukene. Ngenxa yamarekhodi amaningi ezimbiwa phansi, kuye kwenzeka ukubona ukuthi bekuyisiteji esinokukhula okukhulu ezingeni lezinto eziphilayo lapho bekunezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zezilwane ezincelisayo. Leli qembu yilona elathola intuthuko enkulu nokwehlukahlukana emhlabeni wonke.
IMiocene Geology
Ngesikhathi seMiocene kwenzeka umsebenzi omkhulu wokuma komhlaba njengoba kwaba nokunyakaza okukhulu ezwenikazi laqhubeka nokufuduka kwabo Ukukhukhuleka kwezwekazi. Ngale ndlela, ibicishe ivele ithathe indawo enayo namuhla. Kunochwepheshe abaningi abathi, ngaleso sikhathi, iplanethi ibivele inakho ukucushwa okufanayo njengoba inakho namuhla.
Esinye sezehlakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu zokwakheka komhlaba kwaba ukushayisana kwezwekazi elisenyakatho ye-Afrika neNhlonhlo yase-Arabia. Lesi senzakalo esiyingqopha-mlando sasibaluleke kangangokuthi saphumela ekuvaleni kolunye lwezilwandle okufanele ngabe lwalukhona kuze kube yilesi sikhathi. Ulwandle kwakuyiParatetis. Lesi simo se-geological singahlotshaniswa nezinye izehlakalo ezithakaselwayo ze-geological ezifana nalezo ezilotshwe ku- ikusasa.
Ngalesi sikhathi umnyakazo eNdiya awuzange uphele noma nini. Yagcinwa futhi yacindezelwa ngokumelene nesifunda sase-Asia. Lokhu kwabangela izintaba ze Himalaya zazikhula ziba zinde futhi ziba neziqongo eziphakeme. Ku-geography yaseMedithera kunomsebenzi omkhulu we-orogenic futhi le nkathi, lapho izintaba ezaziwa kakhulu namuhla zaphakanyiswa.
Isimo sezulu saseMiocene
Njengoba sishilo ekuqaleni kwendatshana, isimo sezulu salesi sikhathi sasibonakala kakhulu emazingeni okushisa aphansi. Lokhu kungenzeka kuphela ekuqaleni futhi njengomphumela wokwandiswa kwe- ukunwetshwa kweqhwa kuzo zombili izigxobo. Lokhu kunwetshwa kweqhwa kubangelwe kusukela esikhathini esedlule esaziwa njenge Kulungile. Ezinye izindawo kwadingeka zithole izimo ezomile njengoba zazingakwazi ukugcina umswakama. Masikhumbule ukuthi umswakama uyisihluthulelo sokuthuthukiswa kwama-microorganisms nezitshalo, isici esibalulekile njengaleso esenzeka ku-.
Lesi sikhathi samazinga okushisa aphansi kangaka asizange sihlale isikhathi eside. Kwakuphakathi nendawo ye-Miocene lapho amazinga okushisa omhlaba aqala ukukhuphuka kakhulu. Lokhu kunyuka kwamazinga okushisa kwaziwa ngokuthi Isimo sezulu se-Miocene esihle kakhulu. Ngalesi sikhathi, amazinga okushisa e-ambient kancane kancane akhuphuka aze afike ku-5 degrees ngaphezu kwamazinga okushisa amanje. Lokhu kusho ukuthi iplanethi isivele yabhekana nokwenyuka kwezinga lokushisa okukhudlwana kunanamuhla. Nokho, isikhathi salokhu kwanda sasihamba kancane, kunikeza izinhlobo zezilwane isikhathi esengeziwe sokuzivumelanisa nezimo.
Ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni esibhekene nakho njengamanje kuyanda ngokwesilinganiso sabantu. Lokhu kwenza izidalwa eziphilayo zingakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezintsha. Ngenxa yokwanda kwamazinga okushisa emhlabeni, isimo sezulu esipholile singakhula.
Njengoba izintaba zazikhula ngokubaluleka nokuphakama okukhulu, lokhu kwabangela Imvula izokwehla kakhulu. Njengoba iMiocene iqhubeka, yonke iplanethi yaphendukela esimweni sezulu esomile. Ngalesi sizathu, zonke izandiso zehlathi zancishiswa futhi izingwadule nama-tundras enwetshiwe.
Flora
Iningi lazo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane nezitshalo ezaziseMiocene ziyatholakala namuhla. Kungabonwa kuso sonke lesi sikhathi sesikhathi esasikhona ukwehla okuphawulekayo emahlathini nasemahlathini ngenxa yokwenyuka kwezinga lokushisa kanye nezinga lokomisa okukhulunywe ngenhla. Njengoba imvula yayilokhu iyancipha, izitshalo nazo kwadingeka zivumelane nalezi zinguquko.
Ngesikhathi seMiocene baqala izitshalo ze-herbaceous master nezinye ezincane ezikwazi ukumelana nesomiso isikhathi eside, ezazenza zithuthuke ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene. Enye yalezi zinhlobo i-chaparral. Ngalesi sikhathi, ama-angiosperms, okuyizitshalo esezivele zinembewu emboziwe, nawo achuma, njengoba kwenza ezinye izinhlobo esingazincoma nanamuhla.
Fauna
Izilwane ezincelisayo zaziyiqembu elivelele kakhulu lezilwane ngesikhathi seMiocene.. Bangakwazi ukuhlukahluka kakhulu ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nokuvalwa koLwandle i-Paratethys. Zonke izinhlobo zezilwane ezincelisayo zizokhula, kusukela eqenjini elincane lamagundane kuya ezilwaneni ezinkulu ezincelisayo njengezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle, okusikhumbuza ngezinhlobo eziningi zamanje.
Izinyoni nazo zaba nokwanda okukhulu phakathi nalesi sikhathi, okuhlinzeka ngokuhlukahluka okuphawulekayo ku-ecosystem. Izilwane ezincelisayo zasemhlabeni ebeziphethe isikhathi yilezi ezilandelayo:
- I-Gomphotherium (Ukuqothulwa)
- I-Amphicyon (Ukuqothulwa)
- I-Merychippus (Ukuqothulwa)
- I-Astrapotherium (Ukuqothulwa)
- I-Megapedetese (Ukuqothulwa)
Kusukela ezilwaneni ezincelisayo zasemanzini siyabona futhi ukuthi zazinhlobonhlobo futhi okhokho bemikhomo yamanje babe nemvelaphi yabo. Phakathi kwalabo abakhula futhi bathuthuka kakhulu kunalezo ezazingezeqembu le-cetaceans, ikakhulukazi ama-odontocetes. Lezi kwakuyizilwane ezinamazinyo ezazifinyelela ubude obufinyelela kumamitha ayi-14. Ukudla kwabo kwakudla ngokuphelele futhi babedla ezinye izinhlanzi, ama-squid ngisho nama-cetacean eqembu elifanayo.
Akumelwe sizikhohlwe izilwane ezihuquzelayo. Sithola nezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezakhula kahle, ezingabonwa emlandweni wezinsalela, ezinye zazo ezitholakala engxenyeni esenyakatho yeNingizimu Melika. Ufudu lwamanzi ahlanzekile yilona olukhulu kuze kube manje. Izinsalela zisikhombisa ufudu olungaba cishe amamitha amabili ubude. Kwakukudla okudlayo futhi isisulu saso kwakuyizilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini nezinhlanzi.
Njengoba ubona, lesi sikhathi bekukuhle impela ekuthuthukiseni konke okuphilayo emhlabeni. Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nesikhathi seMiocene.