Phakathi kwabafundi ababambe iqhaza elikhulu kwezesayensi emakhulwini eminyaka adlule esinawo Rutherford. Igama lakhe eliphelele ngu-Lord Ernest Rutherford futhi wazalwa ngo-August 30, 1871. Wayeyisazi se-physics saseBrithani nosokhemisi owanikela kakhulu emhlabeni wesayensi. Wazalelwa eNelson, eNew Zealand. Elinye lamagalelo akhe abaluleke kakhulu kwisayensi yi- Imodeli ye-athomu kaRutherford.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela konke odinga ukukwazi ngempilo kaRutherford nange-biography yakhe.
URutherford biography
Wayeyindodana kaMartha Thompson noJames Rutherford. Ubaba wayengumlimi nomakhenikha waseScotland kanti umama wakhe wayenguthisha wesiNgisi. Wayengowesine ezinganeni eziyishumi nanye futhi abazali bakhe babehlale befuna ukunika izingane zabo imfundo engcono kakhulu. Esikoleni uthisha wakhuthaza kakhulu ngokuphenduka umfundi okhaliphile. Lokhu kwamvumela u-Ernest Ngingangena ekolishi laseNelson. Yikholeji enesilondolozi esikhulu sabantu abaningi abanamakhono. Ukwazile ukuthuthukisa izimfanelo ezinhle zombhoxo ezamenza waduma kakhulu esikoleni afunda kuso.
Ngonyaka wakhe wokugcina waba ngowokuqala kuzo zonke izifundo futhi wakwazi ukungena ekolishi laseCanterbury. Kamuva eyunivesithi wahlanganyela ezahlukene amakilabhu ezesayensi nawokubonisa kodwa akazange ayishaye indiva imikhuba yakhe yombhoxo. Eminyakeni eyalandela wajulisa izifundo zakhe zezibalo ebonga umfundaze awuthola e-University of New Zealand. Kamuva wagqama ngelukuluku lakhe nokukwazi kwakhe ukuxazulula izinkinga ezahlukahlukene zamakhemikhali nezibalo. Ngakho-ke, angaba umfundi omuhle eCambridge.
Uphenyo lokuqala
Uphenyo lokuqala lukaRutherford lwaqala ukukhombisa ukuthi i-iron ingenziwa uzibuthe ngamaza aphezulu. Imiphumela yakhe emihle yezifundo yamvumela ukuthi aqhubeke nezifundo ezahlukene nocwaningo iminyaka. E-Cambridge Cavendish Laboratories ukwazile ukufeza imikhuba yakhe ngaphansi kokuqondisa komtholi we-electron uJoseph John Thompson. Le mikhuba yaqala ukwenziwa kusukela ngonyaka we-1895.
Ngaphambi kokuthi aqale uhambo lwakhe lokucwaninga, wathembisana umshado noMary Newton. Ngemva kweminyaka eminingana, ngenxa yomsebenzi wakhe, wamiswa njengoprofesa eMcGill University eMontreal. Lokhu kwakuseCanada. Ngemva kweminyaka, lapho ebuyela e-United Kingdom, wajoyina izisebenzi zokufundisa eNyuvesi yaseManchester. Kulapha lapho aqala khona ukufundisa i-experimental physics. Ekupheleni UThompson wehla esikhundleni sokuba ngumqondisi welabhorethri yaseCavendish eCambridge University kwathi uRutherford wangena esikhundleni sakhe.
Enye yemishwana evelele kakhulu yalo sosayensi yile elandelayo:
"Uma ukuhlolwa kwakho kudinga izibalo, ukuhlolwa okungcono bekungadingeka." U-Ernest Rutherford
Ukutholwa kukaRutherford
Ngo-1896, i-radioactivity yayisivele itholakele, futhi lokhu kutholakala kwenza umbono omkhulu kulo sosayensi. Ngakho-ke, waqala ukuphenya nokwenza ucwaningo, echitha isikhathi ezama ukukhomba izingxenye eziyinhloko zemisebe. Wabonisa ukuthi izinhlayiya ze-alpha ziyi-helium nuclei futhi zimangaze umhlaba wonke wesayensi ngokwakhiwa kwenkolelo-mbono yesakhiwo se-athomu, ehlobene . Njengomklomelo, wakhethwa njengoMngane weRoyal Society ngo-1903 futhi kamuva waba nguMongameli wayo.
Le modeli ye-athomu yachazwa ngo-1911 futhi kamuva yaphakanyiswa ngu UNiels Bohr. Ake sibone ukuthi yiziphi izinkombandlela ezisemqoka zemodeli ye-athomu kaRutherford:
- Izinhlayiyana ezinesamba esivumayo ngaphakathi kwe-athomu zihlelwe ngevolumu encane kakhulu uma siyiqhathanisa nenani eliphelele le-athomu elishiwoyo.
- Cishe bonke ubunzima i-athomu enabo butholakala kulowo mqulu omncane okukhulunywe ngawo. Lesi sisindo sangaphakathi sasibizwa ngokuthi i-nucleus.
- Ama-electron anezinsolo ezingezinhle zitholakala zizungeza i-nucleus.
- Ama-electron ajikeleza ngesivinini esiphezulu ezungeze i-nucleus futhi enza kanjalo ezindleleni eziyindilinga. Lawa ma-trajectories abizwa ngokuthi ama-orbits. Kamuva uwazi njengama-orbitals.
- Kokubili ama-electron ane-negative charged kanye ne-nucleus ye-athomu ene-positive charges ahlala ebanjwe ndawonye ngamandla okuheha i-electrostatic.
Konke lokhu kuboniswe ngokuhlolwa futhi kwavunyelwa ukusungula ukuhleleka kobukhulu bezandiso zangempela zenuzi ye-athomu. U-Ernest wasungula inkolelo-mbono mayelana ne-radioactivity yemvelo eyayiphathelene nokuguqulwa okuzenzakalelayo kwezinto. Ukube wayehlala njengomhlanganyeli endaweni yokubala ngemisebe ngenxa yomsebenzi wakhe emkhakheni we-athomu physics. Ngakho-ke, uhlonishwa njengomunye wobaba balesi siyalo.
Umklomelo kaNobel eKhemistry
Iminikelo yesayensi yaba usizo kakhulu ngeMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Futhi kwakungenzeka ukwenza izifundo ezihlukahlukene zokutholwa kwemikhumbi-ngwenya ngokusebenzisa amaza omsindo. Lesi kwakuyisandulela sokuqala sezifundo, nakuba lapho ingxabano isiphelile, ukuguqulwa kokuqala kokwenziwa kwezinto zamakhemikhali kwafezwa ngokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu kwe-athomu ye-nitrogen njengezinhlayiya ze-alpha. Yonke imisebenzi emikhulu kaRutherford isasetshenziswa nanamuhla emitatsheni yolwazi nasemanyuvesi emhlabeni jikelele. Iningi lemisebenzi yakhe zihlobene ne-radioactivity kanye nemisebe evela ezintweni ezinemisebe ye-radioactive.
Ngenxa yolwazi aluthola ekuphenyweni kwakhe maqondana nokonakala kwezinto, wakwazi ukuthola umklomelo weNobel ekhemistry ngo-1908, ngaphambi kokushicilela imodeli yakhe ye-athomu. I-Element 104 yetafula lezikhathi labizwa ngeRutherfordium ukumhlonipha. Kodwa-ke, siyazi ukuthi akukho okuphakade futhi, yize lo sosayensi aqhubekela phambili phambili kwezesayensi, washona ngo-Okthoba 19, 1937 eCambridge, eNgilandi. Izidumbu zakhe zangcwatshwa eWestminster Abbey futhi lapho ziphumula eceleni kwalezo ze USir Isaac Newton noLord Kelvin.
Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, kunososayensi abaningi abaye banikela ngokuhlangenwe nakho okuningi nolwazi emhlabeni wesayensi futhi, ngokubambisana, basenza sazi ngokwengeziwe. Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi nge-biography kanye nemisebenzi kaLord Ernest Rutherford.