Emahoreni okuqala ka-Ephreli 2, ngo-00:35 ngesikhathi saseSpain, Irokhethi ye-NASA ye-SLS iphakanyiswe eKennedy Space Center, eFlorida, okuphawula ukuqala kwe Imishini u-Artemis IIEsikebheni kukhona osomkhathi abane, uma konke kuhamba ngokwecebo, abazoqeda uhambo lwezinsuku eziyishumi bezungeza iNyanga bese bebuyela eMhlabeni, uhambo lokuqala oluqhutshwa ngabantu oluya endaweni yenyanga eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-50.
Ukwethulwa kwenzeke ngemizuzu eyi-11 nje yokulibaziseka kusukela esikhathini esihleliweNgemva kokunqoba izinkinga eziningana zobuchwepheshe ezazingahambisani newashi, indiza yagcina iqalile. I-NASA kanye nabalingani bayo bamazwe ngamazwePhakathi kwazo i-European Space Agency (ESA) kanye ne-Canadian Space Agency (CSA), bathatha isinyathelo esibalulekile sokubuyisela abantu emuva ebusweni benyanga emisebenzini ezayo yohlelo lwe-Artemis.
Ukuqala komlando ngemuva kwemizuzu yokucindezeleka okukhulu
Emizuzwini embalwa ngaphambi kokwethulwa, Ukuzola okubonakalayo epulatifomu 39B kuqhathaniswa nokucindezeleka okwakusemagumbini okulawulaNjengoba iwashi lisondela ku-T-00:10, ukubala phansi kwamiswa ukuze kuhlolwe okokugcina ngaphambi kokungena esigabeni sokugcina. Umqondisi Wokuqalisa uCharlie Blackwell-Thompson wabe esecela umphathi wendawo ngamunye ukuthi amvotele okokugcina.
Ngayinye, amaqembu okuhamba, ukuzulazula, izinhlelo zikagesi, ezokuxhumana, kanye nezokuphepha aphendule ngesikhashana esifushane kodwa esibalulekile. "GO" egunyaza ukuqhubekaLokho "yebo" okuhlangene, umphumela weminyaka yokuhlolwa, ukulingisa, kanye nokubambezeleka, kwavumela iwashi ukuthi liqalwe kabusha futhi kwaqala umsebenzi ngemizuzu eyishumi yokugcina ngaphambi kokusha kwenjini.
Amahora ambalwa okugcina ayengathuli kahle. Cishe amahora amabili ngaphambi kokusuka, Kutholakale into engavamile ku-Flight Termination System (FTS)Uhlelo olunesibopho sokubhubhisa irokhethi ngendlela elawulwayo uma kwenzeka ukuphambuka okukhulu endleleni yayo. Lesi sigameko sabangela ukubuyekezwa okuphuthumayo kwale "nkinobho ephuthumayo" ebalulekile evikela abantu uma kwenzeka ukwehluleka okukhulu.
Phakathi nehora lokugcina, kwavela inkinga yesibili: ukufundwa kwezinga lokushisa elingaphandle kwebanga kwelinye lamabhethri esistimu yokumisa ukuqalisa (i-LAS)Irokhethi yokuphunyuka, eyayizovumela i-capsule ukuthi ihlukane ne-SLS nose cone uma kukhona okungahambi kahle emizuzwini embalwa yokuqala yokundiza, nayo yathunyelwa. Onjiniyela ekugcineni bathole ukuthi inkinga yayikuma-sensor, hhayi ibhethri, futhi bagcina isimo se-"Go".
Naphezu kwalezi zimo zokwethusa ngomzuzu wokugcina, Amaqembu e-NASA axazulule izinkinga ngesikhathiNjengoba ifasitela lokuqalisa lisavuliwe, izivalo ze-Orion zivaliwe, osomkhathi abane baboshwe, futhi izinhlelo zihloliwe, iwashi laqala ukushaya futhi. Ngo-00:35, ukubala phansi kwaphela.
Umsindo we-SLS: ama-decibel angu-180 kanye nemizuzu eyisishiyagalombili ebalulekile
Njengoba ukubala phansi kwakudala kufinyelela ku-zero, Izinjini ze-RS-25 ze-SLS zavutha, futhi ngemva kwemizuzwana embalwa, ama-booster amabili amakhulu aseceleni asebenzisa uphethiloli oqinile enza okufanayo.Ukunyakaza okuhlangene, okungaphezu kwamakhilogremu ayizigidi ezine, kwaphakamisa irokhethi cishe ngamamitha ayi-100 ukuphakama ukusuka endaweni ye-39B, ekusukeni okudlule ama-decibel angu-180 epulatifomu, ngaphezu komkhawulo wobuhlungu bomuntu.
Ngemizuzwana embalwa, imoto yajika ngendlela ehleliwe ukuze ibuyele endleleni efanele. Ifinyelele isivinini se-supersonic ngaphansi komzuzu Futhi yadlula endaweni lapho ingcindezi ephezulu ye-aerodynamic iphezulu khona, enye yezikhathi ezidinga kakhulu isakhiwo. Kusukela egumbini lokulawula, kwakungena ukuqinisekiswa kwamapharamitha ngaphakathi kwebanga elilindelekile.
Ngemva kwemizuzu engaphezu kwemibili, kwafika ingqophamlando yokuqala yokukhuphuka: ukuhlukaniswa kwama-thruster amabili aqinile aseceleniLezi zakhiwo, ezibangela iningi lokusunduza kokuqala, ziphonswa ngendlela elawulwayo olwandle, endaweni eyayivinjelwe ukuhamba kuyo ngaphambili. Izithombe sezivele zibonise uMhlaba ugobile ngaphansi kwendlela yerokhethi.
Ngemva nje kwalokho, izindonga zokuvikela zendizamkhathi kanye nerokhethi yokuphunyuka kwahlukaniswa, okwakamuva kwakungadingeki uma isigaba esiyingozi kakhulu sokwethulwa sesinqotshiwe. Isigaba esiyinhloko se-SLS saqhubeka nokushisa i-hydrogen ewuketshezi kanye nomoya-mpilo kwaze kwaba yilapho kuqedwa cishe imizuzu eyisishiyagalombili yokundiza, lapho izinjini ezinkulu zacishwa khona futhi i-Orion yahlukaniswa.
Ngemuva kwalokho, I-capsule kanye ne-service module yayo kwakusemzileni ophephile ozungeze uMhlabaEsinye sezikhathi ezithule kodwa ezibalulekile safika ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho: ukufakwa kwamaphaneli elanga e-Orion, okubalulekile ekukhiqizeni amandla kagesi azoqhubeka nomsebenzi ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ezizayo.
U-Artemis II: Uhambo lwezinsuku eziyishumi oluzungeza iNyanga
U-Artemis II ungomunye umsebenzi wesibili wohlelo lwe-Artemis kanye nowokuqala neqembuNgemva kokundiza ngaphandle komuntu kuka-Artemis I ngo-2022, okwasebenza ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwe-SLS ne-Orion ngaphandle kwabantu ababesesikebheni, i-NASA manje ibhekene nesinyathelo esibalulekile: ukuhlola zonke izinhlelo zemikhumbi-mkhathi endaweni ejulile yasemkhathini enabagibeli bezinkanyezi abane ngaphakathi.
Umsebenzi uhlelwe isikhathi esingaba ngu- izinsuku eziyishumi kanye nohambo olucishe lube ngamakhilomitha ayizigidi ezingu-1,1Ngemva kokujikeleza kokuqala okuningana emhlabeni, isigaba esiphezulu serokhethi sizonikeza i-Orion amandla adingekayo ukuze ingene kumjikelezo ojikelezayo ojikelezayo kakhulu. Phakathi nalesi sigaba, abasebenzi kanye namaqembu asemhlabeni bazoqinisekisa ukusebenza kwezinhlelo ngaphambi kokugunyaza ukuqaliswa eNyangeni.
Uma ukuhlolwa sekuqediwe, Imodyuli Yesevisi YaseYurophu izonikeza ukusunduza kokugcina kokubeka i-Orion ku- indlela yokubuya yamahhala ezungeze iNyangaLo mjikelezo uzothatha indizamkhathi cishe amakhilomitha angu-7.500 ngaphesheya kwesathelayithi yemvelo futhi idlule ohlangothini lwayo olude. Lapho, isisindo seNyanga sizovimba okwesikhashana ukuxhumana noMhlaba.
Uma kungekho zinguquko ohlelweni, Ithimba lizofika endaweni ekude kakhulu yomsebenzi, okungaphezu kwamakhilomitha angu-400.000 ukusuka eMhlabeni.idlula ibanga elihlanganiswe yimisebenzi ka-Apollo. Nakuba kungeke kuzanywe ukufika enyangeni kulokhu, ukuhamba ngendiza kuzosebenza ekuqoqeni idatha, kuthuthukise ukuzulazula, futhi kuqoqe ulwazi lwe-Artemis III, ehlela ukuhlalisa osomkhathi phezu kwamanzi.
Ngemva kokujikeleza iNyanga, indizamkhathi izosebenzisa ithuba amandla adonsela phansi enyangeni kanye nendlela yokubuya ngokukhululeka ukuze kubhekane nohambo lokubuyela emuvaLolu hambo lwenzelwe ukuthi, noma ngabe kunezinkinga zokunyakaza, i-Orion ikwazi ukubuyela eMhlabeni ngaphandle kokwenza lutho.
Iqembu "lokuqala"
Ukuhamba ngesikebhe e-Orion Reid Wiseman, Victor Glover, Christina Koch noJeremy HansenAmathathu okuqala angaphansi kwe-NASA, kanti uHansen uyingxenye ye-Canadian Space Agency, okwenza lo msebenzi ube umzamo wamazwe ngamazwe ngokusobala.
UWiseman, umphathi wemishini, ungumakadebona we-U.S. Navy kanye nonjiniyela wezindiza wangaphambili e-International Space Station. Eceleni kwakhe kukhona umshayeli wendiza uVictor Glover, naye onolwazi lwangaphambilini kwi-ISS ngemuva komsebenzi we-SpaceX Crew-1. Uzoba ngumuntu wokuqala wase-Afrika waseMelika ukuya endaweni yasenyangeni. uma zonke izigaba zendiza seziqediwe.
UChristina Koch, uchwepheshe wemishini, uzoba owesifazane wokuqala ukundiza emzileni wenyangaUKoch uphethe irekhodi lokundiza emkhathini isikhathi eside kunawo wonke owesifazane futhi uhlanganyele ekuhambeni emkhathini okuningana, okuhlanganisa nokuhamba emkhathini kokuqala okwenziwa ngabesifazane kuphela.
UJeremy Hansen waseCanada uqedela iqembu, futhi uzoba isazi sezinkanyezi sokuqala esingesona esaseMelika ukwenza umsebenzi oya eNyangeniUkuba khona kwabo kubonisa ukubamba iqhaza kweCanada kulolu hlelo kanye nendlela yokubambisana i-NASA efuna ukuyisebenzisa ekuhloleni kwenyanga, kanye nasesikhathini esizayo, eMars.
Ezinsukwini ezandulela ukwethulwa, laba abane bagcizelele ukuthi, nakuba lezi zenzakalo ezibalulekile zingase ziqokonyiswe namuhla, Umgomo wesikhathi eside ukuhamba uye eNyangeni ukuze uyeke ukuba yinto engavamile. futhi babe yingxenye evamile yokuhlola isikhala sabantu.
Indima ebalulekile yeYurophu kanye ne-European Service Module
Ngemuva kwe-Orion kukhona negalelo elikhulu laseYurophu. Ingxenye yendizamkhathi, okuhlanganisa ne- I-European Service Module (ESM)Yakhiwe ngaphansi kobuholi be-European Space Agency. Lesi sigaba, esinamathiselwe ngaphansi kwe-capsule yabasebenzi, sinomthwalo wemfanelo wokuhlinzeka ngokuqhutshwa, amandla, kanye nokulawula ukushisa kwengxenye enkulu yomsebenzi.
I-ESM ihlanganisa amaphaneli elanga angasetshenziswa akhiqiza ugesi odingekayo Inezinhlelo ezingaphakathi esikebheni, amathangi amanzi aphuzwayo, kanye namachibi e-oxygen ne-nitrogen asetshenziswa ukulawula umoya wekhabhinethi. Iphinde ibe nezinjini eziyinhloko neziqondisa izinto ezivumela i-Orion ukuthi ilungise umjikelezo wayo, yenze ukulungiswa kwendlela, futhi yenze imisebenzi ebalulekile endaweni yenyanga.
IYurophu, ikakhulukazi amazwe amaningana e-European Union, nawo abe negalelo Ubuchwepheshe kanye nezingxenye zezinhlelo zokusekela impilo, kufaka phakathi amayunithi anesitembu saseSpain ahlobene nokulawulwa kwezinga lokushisa kanye nokunikezwa kwezinsiza eziyisisekelo zabasebenzi, futhi umsebenzi uphethe izinsimbi ezifana ne- I-Athena microsatelliteLokhu kuhlanganyela kuqinisa indima ye-ESA njengomlingani obalulekile emisebenzini emikhulu yabantu yesikhathi esizayo.
Ngokungafani ne-Space Shuttle, i-Orion incane kakhulu, kodwa incane kakhulu. yakhelwe ukushiya umjikelezo womhlaba ophansi futhi isebenze amasonto amaningi endaweni ejulileI-capsule ethwele osomkhathi kuphela ezobuyela eMhlabeni; i-module yesevisi yaseYurophu izohlukana ngaphambi kokungena kabusha bese ihlakazeka emkhathini.
Ingaphakathi le-Orion elihlalwa ngabantu linokulinganiselwa okulinganiselwa ku- Ama-cubic metres angu-9,34, cishe isikhala sama-minivan amabiliKuyintuthuko enkulu kunenguqulo yangaphambilini. Imojuli yomyalo we-Apollo, eyayinikeza cishe ama-cubic metres angu-5,95 kubagibeli bezindiza abathathu, okuholela ekubeni nenduduzo eyengeziwe kanye nendawo yokuqhuba abasebenzi bamanje.
Ukuqinisekiswa kwezinhlelo zokusekela impilo kanye nokusekela impilo ezikhona
Uma kuziwa ku- Ukundiza kokuqala kwe-Orion okuhamba nomuntu ngale komjikelezo woMhlabaEnye yezinhloso eziyisisekelo ze-Artemis II ukuhlola ukusebenza kwangempela kwezinhlelo zokusekela impilo endaweni edinga kakhulu kunomjikelezo ophansi woMhlaba. Lezi zinhlelo zizoba nesibopho sokuhlinzeka ngomoya ophefumulayo, ukususa i-carbon dioxide, ukulawula ingcindezi, kanye nokuphatha umswakama kulo lonke umsebenzi.
Umkhumbi kumele futhi uqinisekise izinga lokushisa elifanele ngaphakathiukuvikela abasebenzi emisebeni nokuvumela ukuphathwa kwemfucuza ezimweni ze-microgravity. Ngenxa yalokhu, ihlanganisa indlu yangasese eyenzelwe ngqo izindiza ezinde (i-Universal Waste Management System, i-UWMS) kanye nekhishi elincane eliqukethe umshini wokufudumala ukudla kanye nomshini wokukhipha amanzi ashisayo.
Ezinsukwini zokuqala ezimbalwa bejikeleza, osomkhathi bazokwenza imisebenzi yokuqondisa ukuze hlola ikhono lokushayela i-Orion ngesandlaNgokukhethekile, imisebenzi yokusondelana kanye nokulungiswa kwendlela kusetshenziswa izinjini ze-European Service Module. Lokhu kuhlolwa kuzobaluleka emisebenzini yesikhathi esizayo ezodinga ukumisa ezinye izimoto noma iziteshi endaweni yasenyangeni.
I-NASA ikucacisile ukuthi Zonke izinqumo zizokwenziwa ngezinto ezintathu ezibalulekile kulolu hleloUkuphepha kwabasebenzi, ukuphepha kwezimoto, kanye nokugcwaliseka kwenhloso yomsebenzi kubaluleke kakhulu. Phakathi namahora okuqala angu-24, idatha izohlolwa kahle ngaphambi kokuba kunikezwe imvume yokugcina yokusha okuzothumela i-Orion ohambweni lwayo oluya eNyangeni.
Uma izinhlelo zisebenza njengoba kulindelekile, ulwazi olutholwe ku-Artemis II luzosiza ekulungiseni izinqubo, ukuqinisekisa izikhathi zokusebenza, ukuthuthukisa izinqubo eziphuthumayo, futhi ekugcineni, ukubeka isisekelo esisebenzayo semisebenzi yokufika enyangeni yesikhathi esizayo, lapho ukwehluleka ngakunye okungenzeka kumelwe ukuthi kwatholakala futhi kwalungiswa ngaphambilini.
Ukungena kabusha, ukuchitheka kwamanzi, kanye nalokho okulandelayo
Uma uhambo lokuhamba enyangeni seluphelile futhi uhambo lokubuya seluqalile, abasebenzi bazobhekana nesinye sezikhathi ezibucayi kakhulu zohambo: ukungena kabusha emkhathini woMhlabaI-Orion izofinyelela isivinini esicishe sibe ngamakhilomitha angu-40.000 ngehora, ikhiqize amazinga okushisa esivikelweni sokushisa afinyelela cishe ku-2.760 °C.
Ukusebenza kahle kwaleso sihlangu kuzoba kubaluleke kakhulu ekusindeni kwabashayeli bezindiza abaneNgemva kokudlula ezingqimbeni eziminyene kakhulu zomkhathi nokunciphisa kakhulu isivinini, i-capsule izosebenzisa uchungechunge lwama-parachute oluzoyiqondisa ekuweni oLwandlekazi iPacific, lapho ithimba elihlangene le-NASA kanye noMnyango Wezokuvikela lizosingatha khona ukululama.
I-Artemis II ayimeleli nje kuphela ingqophamlando kwezobuchwepheshe, kodwa futhi iyimpumuzo ohlelweni uqobo. Iqembu le-Artemis ne-SLS linesabelomali esilinganiselwe se- cishe amaRandi ayizigidigidi ezingama-93.000 kusukela ngo-2012ngezindleko ezidlula amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili ngokwethulwa ngakunye. Ukulibaziseka ngakunye kanye nesigameko ngasinye kunomthelela omkhulu kwezomnotho nakwezepolitiki, esimweni lapho amazwe anjengeShayina ethuthukisa khona uhlelo lwawo lwenyanga ngokushesha.
Izinhlelo zamanje ze-NASA zifaka phakathi ukufika enyangeni no-Artemis III kanye nokuhlanganiswa kobukhona obuqhubekayo eNyangeni ngasekupheleni kwale minyaka eyishumi, sibheke ekusebenziseni isathelayithi njengeplatifomu yohambo oluzayo oluya eMars ngawo-2030. Njengoba kunjalo emkhathini, izinsuku zingashintsha, kodwa indlela ngokungenakugwenywa ihilela impumelelo ka-Artemis II.
Njengoba i-Orion spacecraft iqeda ukuzungeza kwayo kokuqala futhi ilungiselela ukukhuphuka okuzoyiyisa eNyangeni, Abantu abane okwamanje bahamba ibanga elide kunanoma ubani eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-50Umsebenzi wabo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi konke kusebenza njengoba kufanele, ukukhombisa ukuthi uhlelo luphephile, nokuvula umnyango wesigaba esisha sokuhlola kwabantu lapho iNyanga izoyeka ukuba yindawo eyingqayizivele futhi kancane kancane ibe yindawo yokubuyela kuyo njalo.
