Emhlabeni wesayensi, imiklomelo inikezwa labo sosayensi abenza iqhaza elikhulu ekuthuthukeni ezifundweni zemikhakha ehlukene. Kunabantu okuthi, yize benze umzamo omkhulu wokuthuthuka nokunikela kakhulu emphakathini wezesayensi, abangaklonyeliswa njengoba kufanele. Lokhu kunjalo ngabaseBrithani UJocelyn Bell Burnell. Baningi abacabanga ukuthi, ngaphakathi nangaphandle komphakathi wesayensi, bekufanele anikezwe umklomelo weNobel ngo-1974.
Kungani usosayensi uJocelyn Bell Burnell kufanele anikezwe? Thola kulokhu okuthunyelwe.
UJocelyn Bell Burnell
Ungusosayensi owafunda futhi wenza intuthuko enkulu ngokutholakala kwama-pulsars. Lo profesa wamenywa e-Oxford University futhi ukhethwe njengomnqobi wemiklomelo esigabeni seFundamental Physics. Lo mklomelo uphinde wahlinzeka ngesamba semali esilinganiselwa ku-3 million dollars. Nokho, lesi sazi sezinkanyezi asizimisele ukuzigcinela leso samba; esikhundleni salokho, uzonikela ngayo ukuze axhase abesifazane, abafundi ababaleki, kanye nemiphakathi yezinhlanga ezincane ukuze babe abacwaningi besayensi, ikakhulukazi emkhakheni we-physics, ngaleyo ndlela babe nesandla ekufakweni emkhakheni wesayensi.
I-Biography
Lapho eneminyaka engu-12 kuphela ubudala, wayesefuna ukufunda i-physics futhi azinikele kuyo. Lokhu kwakungeke kwenziwe maphakathi nawo-50, njengoba abesifazane babengazenzi izinto ezinjalo eNyakatho Ireland. Kwabesifazane, ukuphela kwezinto ababengazifunda ukupheka nokufekethisa. Lona wesifazane wayefunde wonke umtapo wezincwadi wesayensi kayise futhi wakwazi ukukholisa uthishanhloko wesikole sakhe ukuba amngenise ekilasini le-physics kanye namanye amantombazane amabili. Ngesemester yokuqala nje, wayesevele ehamba phambili ekilasini lakhe lonke.
Ngaphandle kokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ubenezinkinga ezanele zokuthuthuka ezifundweni zomzimba, wayengukuphela komuntu wesifazane eNyuvesi yaseGlasgow. Njalo uma ekhuphukela esiteji eyokwethula umsebenzi, abafana abaningi bebemphazamisa bemshaya ngamakhwela bememeza. Uma eshawa amahloni ngenxa yalezi zimpempe, ama-boo abheke kuye aqhubeka nokukhula. Ukuze abhekane nalezi zimo, wafunda ukubanda njengeqhwa.
Eminyakeni ethile kamuva wangeniswa eCambridge. Kwakukhona omunye umfundi oyedwa kuphela naye futhi uJocelyn wayehlale esaba ukulahlekelwa ukubhaliswa kwakhe. Eminyakeni yakhe kule nyuvesi wajoyina umnyango we-radio astronomy. Uprofesa wakhe we-thesis wayefuna izinto ezikhanya kakhulu ezaziwa endaweni yonke, ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-quasars. Lezi zinto bekufanele ziseshwe kusetshenziswa amaza omsakazo. UJocelyn Bell Burnell wabamba iqhaza ekwakhiweni kwesibonakude okwakuzotholwa lezi zinto futhi wayenomthwalo wemfanelo wokuhlaziya idatha eyayitholwa, umsebenzi obalulekile wokutholwa kwalezi zenzakalo.
Waqhubeka nokusebenza isikhathi eside kwaze kwatholakala isignali yesibili ngemva nje kwalokho. Kamuva kwaba khona ezinye izimpawu. Ekugcineni kwatholakala ukuthi babengama-pulsa. I-pulsar iyinkanyezi ye-neutron futhi yaqala ukutholwa ngu-Jocelyn Bell Burnell.
Ukutholwa kukaJocelyn Bell Burnell
Lokhu kutholakala Yanyatheliswa ngo-1968 lapho uJocelyn eneminyaka engu-24 ubudala futhi wasayina indawo yesibili esihlokweni sikamagazini i-Nature. Ezingxoxweni abezinikwa bebembuza ngamasoka akhe noma usayizi kabhodisi wakhe. Lokhu kwakungahlangene nhlobo nakho konke akuthola kwesayensi.
Ukungabonakali okunikezwe lesi sazi sesayensi yemvelo kwafinyelela umvuthwandaba wakho ngo-1974 lapho kuklonyeliswa uMklomelo KaNobel kuPhysics kwabavundulula ama-pulsars, angazange afake lona wesifazane ohlwini. Amalungu amaningi alo mphakathi wesayensi ayecasuke kakhulu futhi aze aba namahloni ngokuthi lo sosayensi akazange anikezwe udumo ngenxa nje yokuthi wayengowesifazane.
Kodwa-ke, lona wesifazane akazange anqume ukuyeka, okuphambene nalokho. Igama lakhe lalikhohliwe iminyaka eminingi kuze kube uklonyeliswe nge-Special Breakthrough Prize. Lona umklomelo omkhulu kunayo yonke emhlabeni wesayensi. Uthi usekuxolisile ngokunganakwa kwakhe wakhetha ukulwa yedwa. Ubelokhu eqoqa imali yokusiza abantu abasha abafisa ukufunda isayensi. Kuyindlela yakhe yokulungisa iphutha elenzeke ngalowo Mklomelo KaNobel.
Usosayensi ukushaye indiva ngokuphelele
Abesifazane bebelokhu bezabalaza ukuthuthuka emhlabeni wesayensi, phakathi kwezinye izinselelo ababhekane nazo. Ngenhlanhla, ukubaluleka kokuba namaqembu ahlukene abesilisa nabesifazane kuwo womabili amaqembu obuholi nabacwaningi kuya ngokuya kuqashelwa. Lokhu kwenza amaqembu ocwaningo abe namandla, aguquguquke, futhi aphumelele, iqiniso elivumela ukuqashelwa kwezimpumelelo kubantu okungenzeka ukuthi bebenganakwa ngaphambilini.
Phakathi kwamaqembu lapho abesifazane bengamelwe kakhulu kuwo wonke umlando kusefiziksi. Kuyiqiniso ukuthi sebeqalile ukufaka izikhulu zezinhlanga ezehlukene, futhi kuyajabulisa ukuthi abafundi abangababaleki bangasizakala. Futhi yilokho Ikhredithi yokutholwa kukaJocelyn Bell Burnell's pulsar yaya kososayensi u-Antony Hewish noMartin Ryle ngonyaka we-1974.
Njengomfundi ocwaningayo, lo sosayensi wabuye wasiza ekwakheni isibonakude somsakazo esenza ukuba kutholakale lolu hlobo olusha lwezinkanyezi, abalubiza ngokuthi ama-pulsars. Ngaphezu kwalokho, nguye owathola le misebe eyinqaba ekuhlaziyeni kokuqala ngo-1967. Ukuze athole lokhu, kwadingeka akholise oprofesa bakhe nabaphathi bakhe, ababenokungabaza ekuqaleni ukutholakala kwakhe. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kwakunenkolelo yokuthi lezi zibonakaliso zazikhiqizwa uchungechunge lokuphazanyiswa noma umuntu ngokwakhe.
Kamuva kwatholakala ukuthi kwakuwuhlobo olusha lwezinkanyezi abazibiza ngokuthi ama-pulsars. Yize ukutholwa ikakhulu kwakubangelwa usosayensi uJocelyn Bell Burnell, Washaywa indiva ngokuphelele lapho eklonyeliswa uMklomelo KaNobel eSweden. Abantu abaningi bacabanga ukuthi lokhu kungenye yezenzo ezimbi kakhulu ezenziwe emlandweni wabaphumelele umklomelo weNobel.
