Olunye lolwandle oludume kakhulu emhlabeni ngokukhethekile kwalo yi ULwandle Olufile. Idume ngezizathu eziningana. Okokuqala inani lalo usawoti ophakeme. Lokhu kusho ukuthi impilo esemanzini ayo ayikwazi ukukhula futhi ithande ukuthi ezinye izinto zingantanta kuyo. Kuyaziwa kaningi njengoba kushiwo ezigabeni ezahlukahlukene eBhayibhelini. Yize ibizwa ngegama lolwandle, kuyichibi lokuvumela elingenalo uhlobo oluthile lokukhipha.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela zonke izici, i-geology kanye nokufuna ukwazi koLwandle Olufile.
Izici eziyinhloko
ILwandle Olufile liyichibi lokuvuma elizungezwe umhlaba ngokuphelele ngaphandle kokuphuma emanzini lize endaweni evulekile. Lokho kusho ukuthi, Kuyichibi le-hypersaline elinosawoti abaningi abadlula lokho kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo lolwandle noma lolwandle. Itholakala emingceleni yeJordani, Israel kanye neWest Bank. Itholakala ekujuleni okungamamitha angama-400 ngaphansi kogu lolwandle. Lokhu kungaba ngesinye sezizathu zokuthi kungani inomthamo omningi kasawoti.
Uma siluhlaziya ngombono, singabona ukuthi uLwandle Olufile lungenye yezindawo eziphansi kakhulu emhlabeni. Okusho ukuthi, amanzi aphansi kunawo wonke. Ihlukaniswe yaba izitsha ezimbili ezihlukaniswe ibhuloho lomhlabathi. Sekukonke, bahlala ekucindezelekeni okudalwe umfantu noma iphutha elaziwa ngokuthi iSigodi SaseJordani. Lokhu kuphakathi kweJudiya Hills kanye neThafa LaseTransjordanian.
Ingxenye esenyakatho yoLwandle Olufile inkulu futhi ijule kakhulu. TInobude obungamakhilomitha angama-50 futhi ifinyelela kumamitha angama-400 ukujula. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umgodi oseningizimu ungamakhilomitha angu-11 ubude futhi ujule ngamamitha angu-4 kuphela. Okuwukuphela komfula ogelezela kuleli chibi uMfula iJordani, okuwukuphela komsele wamanzi oqhubekayo lolu lwandle olunawo. Ngokuvamile ikhipha amanzi amaningi ahlanzekile, ikakhulukazi endaweni esenyakatho. Uma unentshisekelo ku-geography yomfula, ungafunda kabanzi ku- umlando woMfula iJordani.
Engxenyeni eseningizimu ivame ukondliwa ngamanzi avela emifudlaneni eminingana. Kodwa akuwona umnikelo obalulekile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinga loLwandle Olufile aliguquki unyaka wonke. Inani elikhulu likasawoti eziwuqukethe lilingana namagremu angama-340 ilitha. Esinye sezici ezikhuthaza inani elikhulu likasawoti ukuthi inani lamanzi ahlanzekile atholakele lingaphansi kwenani lamanzi ahwamukayo. Ukwengeza, kubalulekile ukucabangela ukuthi kungani amanzi olwandle enosawoti, ahlobene kakhulu namaminerali awo.
Kulokhu, sinomhwamuko ophakeme kakhulu wamanzi olwandle. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi itholakala endaweni enamazinga okushisa aphezulu nemvula encane. Usawoti otholakala kulamanzi yi-sodium chloride, i-magnesium chlorine, i-calcium chloride, i-potassium chloride, ne-magnesium bromide. Kungashiwo ukuthi cishe u-27% wamanzi olwandle akhiwe ngezinto eziqinile.
Ukwakhiwa kolwandle olufile
Njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, uLwandle Olufile lutholakala endaweni eyi-tectonic rift. Okusho ukuthi, ukucindezeleka okuhambisana namaphutha afanayo. Leli phutha lidlulela kumapuleti etectonic ase-Afrika nase-Arabia. Ngaphambi kokuthi kudalwe lo mgodi, uLwandle iMedithera lwalubanzi kakhulu kunamanje. Yangena yonke imigwaqo nePalestine ngesikhathi se- isikhathi se-jurassic futhi i hloniphabangu. Noma kunjalo, ku- Miocene ipuleti lase-Arabia lashayisana nengxenye esenyakatho yepuleti lase-Eurasia. Ngale ndlela umhlaba waqala ukukhuphuka nokwakhiwa kwezintaba eziphakathi nePalestine. Kancane kancane, ngokuhamba kweminyaka, lesi sigodi sakha kancane kancane sagcwala amanzi olwandle.
Kakade ePleistocene, kwakukhona umhlaba omningi phakathi kweMedithera nesigodi esakhiwa ngenxa yokuqhekeka phakathi kwamapuleti we-tectonic. Kwakungenzeka ukukhuphula amamitha amaningana kuze kube yilapho amanzi olwandle ehoxiswa. Lokhu kudale ukuthi umgodi namanzi ahlukaniswe. IGulf of Aqaba nayo yayihlukanisiwe.
Izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zoLwandle Olufile
Njengoba sishilo phambilini, usawoti woLwandle Olufile uphakeme kakhulu. Iba cishe kashumi kunosawoti wolwandle. Lokhu kuyenza ibe ugwadule lwasolwandle lapho ezinye izidalwa eziphilayo kuphela ezikwazi ukuhlala kulo. Okuwukuphela kwezinto eziphilayo ezikwazi ukusinda kulezi zimo ezimbi kakhulu ngama-bacteria, ama-protozoa, no-algae one-celi eyodwa.
Iningi lala mawele aluhlobo loDunaliella. Kodwa-ke, kulo lonke ugu loLwandle Olufile singathola izitshalo ezithile ze-halophyte. Lezi zitshalo yilezo eziguqulelwa enhlabathini enokugxila okuphezulu kasawoti noma i-alkalinity. Ngokuphambene nalokho, asikwazi ukuthola noma yiluphi uhlobo lwezinhlanzi, izilwane ezihuquzelayo, izilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini nezilwane ezincelisayo ezingaphansi kakhulu. Kwesinye isikhathi, ezinye izinhlanzi zihudulwa emisinga yomfula bese zigcina ngokufa kungasekho nhlobo ithuba lokuthi zisinde.
Ngalesi sizathu, umuntu akakwazi ukukhuluma ngezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo lapho sikhuluma ngoLwandle Olufile. Kodwa-ke, akusho ukuthi lolu lwandle alunazo izinsiza ezibalulekile. Ngenxa yobuningi basawoti, usawoti wayo ungakhishwa ngezinhloso zokwelapha. Ungafaka futhi udaka olusolwandle emzimbeni ngoba lunezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu ezinamaminerali alo.
Izinsongo
Yize lolu lwandle lungahlushwa ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kokudoba, ukwanda kwalo nomthamo wehlisiwe phakathi namashumi eminyaka adlule. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi amanzi ayaphambukiswa futhi kunemixhaso emikhulu yomhlaba edala ukuthi ezinye izindawo eziseduzane zibhideke. Kusukela ngo-1960 kube nokuncipha kwenani lamanzi esewonke. Lokhu kwaqala ukwenzeka lapho u-Israyeli esungula indawo yokumpompa ogwini loLwandle LwaseGalile. Lesi siteshi sokumpompa sabangela ukuba amanzi oMfula iJordani aphambukiselwe kwamanye amazwe ayewusebenzisela ukuphakela nokunisela izitshalo zawo.
Ngokuphambukisa amanzi amaningi emseleni wawo omkhulu futhi abe nenani elikhulu lokuhwamuka, umthamo wamanzi kulolu lwandle uwenza abe mancane kakhulu. Amanzi ehla cishe ngemitha eli-1 ngonyaka. Ngenxa yalesi simo, ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nemiphumela yokunyamalala kwayo esihlokweni ubuntu kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.