Ubusika obudlule, izimvula ezinamandla nezingalindelekile zaqoshwa enyakatho yeChile. Lokhu kudale ukuthi, ogwadule olome kakhulu nolunelanga kunawo wonke emhlabeni, njengase- Ugwadule lwase-Atacama, ziqhakazile izinkulungwane zezitshalo, ukudala umbukwane wemvelo ehlukile. Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngalokhu ugwadule, ungabonisana .
Lesi simo, esaziwa ngokuthi ugwadule oluqhakaza, ngokuvamile unomjikelezo weminyaka emihlanu kuya kweyisikhombisa, kodwa uya uphindaphinda ngenxa yokuba khona kwesenzakalo I-El Niño. Ingachuma kanjani? izinhlobo eziningi zezinhlobo futhi kuthuthukiswe izilwane eziwugwadule? Okulandelayo, sizohlola lokhu ngokuningiliziwe. isenzakalo esingavamile.
Isimo esingejwayelekile
El isenzakalo sasogwadule esiqhakazayo iheha izinkulungwane zezivakashi njalo kwenzeka. Ukubona ugwadule olugcwele izimbali ngokuphelele akuyona into evamile, futhi ochwepheshe abaningi babonisa ukuthi ngo-2017 singabona ukuqhakaza okumangalisayo emashumini eminyaka amuva nje. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi inani lemvula enyakatho liye lavumela ukukhula okuminyene kwezitshalo nezimila. Lobu budlelwano phakathi kwemvula kanye ne Ugwadule oluqhakaza i-Atacama kubalulekile ekuqondeni umjikelezo wempilo kulesi sifunda.
Ukuze kube nokuqhakaza okungaka, akudingekile kuphela ukuthi line, kodwa futhi kubalulekile ukuthi amazinga okushisa akhuphuka kancane kancane ngesikhathi sentwasahlobo. Lokhu kukhula kancane kancane kwezinga lokushisa kubalulekile ukuvimbela ukulimala ekukhuleni nasekukhuleni kwezitshalo. Ngalo mqondo, ukuxhumana phakathi kwesimo sezulu kubalulekile.
Ukuvakasha kwe-Atacama
Izimvula ezenzeke ngenyanga kaMeyi esifundeni sase-Atacama ziholele ekuveleni kwalobu bubuhle obumangalisayo. ukhaphethi onemibala eminingi. Ugwadule oluqhakazayo seluphenduke elinye lamakhadi okuposa athandwa kakhulu ezivakashi ezivakashela izindawo ezikude ezisenyakatho phakathi nalesi sikhathi sonyaka, okukhiqiza ukukhanga okungakaqondwa ngokugcwele nokuthi isayensi ayikwazanga ukukuchaza ngokugcwele.
Lesi sigameko sibizwa ngabantu bendawo ngokuthi isimangaliso sasehlane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezentengiselwano zendawo nezokuvakasha ziye zasebenzisa leli thuba ukuze zithuthukise amanye amasiko nezimfanelo ze indawo, njengalabo abehlela izenzakalo ezifanayo kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba. Izindawo ongazivakashela zihlanganisa amapaki ezwe, ulwandle olucwebile, izindawo zemvelo ezivikelekile, nezindawo ezinjengamaphupho.
Izimbali ze Ugwadule lwase-Atacama bonisa a i-ecosystem eyinkimbinkimbi lapho izinhlobo zezitshalo ezingaphezu kuka-200, eziningi zazo zitholakala khona, zivela ngenxa yesimo sezulu esifanele. Olunye ucwaningo lwembula ukuthi izinhlobo ze-bulbous ngokuvamile ziqala ukuqhakaza, kuhlanganise yellow añanucas futhi obomvu (I-Rhodophiala phycelloidesnamafutha embali emhlophe (I-Leucocoryne spp.).
Izinhlobo ezilandelayo eziqhakaza ziyaziwa ngokuthi "imbewu", izibonelo eziphawulekayo yilezi i-guanaco paw (Cistanthe grandiflora), ehlanganisa izindawo ezinkulu zasogwadule, kanye ne ukububula kwe-lilac nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okukhanyayo (Indida kaNolana), uDon Diego ebusuku (I-Oenothera coquimbensis), ama-mallows (UCristoria ovata), imiqhele yama-friar (U-Encelia usiza ukubungaza), ama-cartridges aphuzi (I-Argylia radiata), iminduze ephuzi (I-Alstroemeria kingii) nezindlebe zempungushe (I-Aristolochia bridgesii). Lezi zibonelo aziqhakazi kanyekanye kuso sonke isikhathi okwenzeka ngaso lesi simo.
Umthelela we-El Niño phenomenon
Umkhuba we I-El Niño Kungesinye sezici zezulu eziyinhloko ezithonya ukuqhakaza kwe-Atacama Desert. Lesi senzakalo sihilela ukufudumala kwamanzi e-equatorial Pacific Ocean, okushintsha amaphethini okujikeleza komkhathi futhi kungabangela ukwanda okukhulu kwemvula ogwadule. Ngokomlando, ukuqhakaza okuphawuleka kakhulu e-Atacama kuye kwaqondana nokuvela kwalesi simo, esingaqinisa imvula futhi sivumele imbewu elele ukuba iqhume ngesikhathi esifushane.
Siyabonga I-El Niño, izakhamuzi zakule ndawo zingajabulela umbukwane omangalisayo wombala endaweni ngokuvamile engenakhaya neyomile. Kodwa-ke, ukuqhakaza akwenzeki minyaka yonke, okunezela ekuthandeni kwabo kanye nemfihlakalo, kanye nezabo ukubaluleka njengento engokwemvelo. Ukuziphatha kwesimo sezulu kubalulekile ukuze uqonde umlando we-.
Umlando wogwadule oluqhakazayo
El ugwadule oluqhakaza Akuyona nje into yakamuva. Umlando wayo usukela ezikhathini zangaphambi kwe-Hispanic kanye ne-colonial. Ngalezi zikhathi, ugwadule oluqhakazayo lwaluvumela ukusetshenziswa kwe-a umgwaqo phakathi kweCopiapó neVallenar, eyaziwa ngokuthi indlela yokuwela, oseduze nomzila wamanje Womzila 5.
Ukuqoqwa kokuqala kwezinhlobo zezilwane kwenziwa izazi zezitshalo ezivelele ngekhulu le-17 nele-18, njengabaseSpain uHipólito Ruiz López noJosé Antonio Pavón y Jiménez, abenza lo msebenzi. I-Botanical Expedition to the Viceroyalty of Peru ngo-1777. Lolu hambo lwahlanganisa izindawo zanamuhla zaseChile nasePeru, futhi umthelela walo ekuqondweni kwezitshalo zalesi sifunda wawubalulekile.
Kamuva, ngo-1831, isazi semvelo saseFrance Claudio Gay Wazama ukuhlola ogwadule olunezimbali, kodwa wahlangabezana nesomiso, esamvimbela ukuba abone ukuqhakaza kwezimbali. Nokho, ngo-1835, usosayensi British Charles Darwin Ubalule umphumela wokuna kwemvula embewini, eveza ukuthi ukushoda kwemvula kungakhiqiza uhlaza oluningi ezindaweni ezifana I-Copiapó ne-Huasco. Lesi simo kube yisihloko socwaningo nokuthakasela iminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili futhi sishiye uphawu lwaso emlandweni wesayensi wendawo.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinyathelo zokuvikela
Isilinganiso sokuqala sokuvikelwa kwe- ugwadule oluqhakaza Yasungulwa ngo-1997, lapho uHulumeni Wesifunda sase-Atacama udala i- Ikhomishana Yogwadule Oluqhakaza, ngesenzo sokuphatha esichaze izindawo zokuvikela kanye nentshisekelo yezivakashi. Lolu hlelo belufuna ukulondoloza lesi sigameko naphezu kokwanda kwezokuvakasha kanye nezinsongo ezihambisana nakho. ukukhishwa nokudayiswa kwezinhlobo zezilwane zeflora.
Omasipala base-Vallenar naseLa Serena bajoyine lesi sivikelo ngemithetho yemeya evimbela ukumba, ukusika, ukuthuthwa, nokudayiswa kwezitshalo zasogwadule ezifana ne-huillis, añañucas, ne-garra de león. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abanye omasipala abanjengoLa Higuera, Freirina kanye neCaldera baye basebenzisa imithetho efanayo, ngaleyo ndlela bavikela okungaphezu kwalokho. Izinhlobo zezitshalo eziyi-120 ehambisana nalesi simo semvelo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-2022, uHulumeni waseChile wamemezela ukudalwa kwe I-flowering Desert National Park, okuhloswe ngayo ukuvikela izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-200 zezimbali nezitshalo endaweni, okubonisa umzamo omkhulu kahulumeni wokulondoloza lezi zinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezimangalisayo. Leli paki, elihlanganisa indawo ye Amahektha angama-57,107, yasungulwa ngokusemthethweni ngo-July 2023 futhi ifuna ukuqinisekisa ukuvikelwa kokubili kwezitshalo nezilwane zendawo, okuhlanganisa izinambuzane, izinyoni, izilwane ezihuquzelayo, nezilwane ezincelisayo, ezibonakala futhi zisebenze kakhulu phakathi nesikhathi sokuqhakaza.
Izinselelo nekusasa logwadule oluqhakazayo
Naphezu kwemizamo yokongiwa kwemvelo, i- ugwadule oluqhakaza ibhekene nezinselelo ezibalulekile ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Ukwanda kwezokuvakasha kulesi sifunda kuholele ekukhathazekeni ngomthelela okungenzeka kube nawo ezitshalo nasezilwaneni, njengoba ukugcwala kwezivakashi shintsha ibhalansi ethambile ye-ecosystem. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa amasu asimeme asivumela ukuba sijabulele ubuhle balesi simo semvelo ngaphandle kokuyekethisa ubuqotho baso.
Ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kokuqhakaza nesimo sezulu esifundeni kubalulekile ukuze uqonde kangcono lesi sigameko kanye nokwehluka kwayo. Njengoba ucwaningo lwesayensi luthuthuka, kwethenjwa ukuthi ulwazi olutholiwe luzosiza ukuthuthukisa izinqubo zokongiwa kwemvelo ezisebenza ngempumelelo futhi luqwashise umphakathi ngokubaluleka kokuvikela lo mthombo wemvelo obaluleke kakhulu.
El ugwadule oluqhakaza Kuyinto eyingqayizivele ekhombisa ukuqina kwemvelo namandla ayo okusimangaza. Ukuqhakaza okusha ngakunye kuyithuba lokugubha izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zesifunda futhi sikhumbule ukubaluleka kokulondoloza imvelo yethu lapho sibhekene nokucindezela kwabantu okukhulayo.
Ngakho, uGwadule lwase-Atacama, olwaziwa ngokuba wugwadule, lusinika umbukwane wombala nokuphila njalo ngemva kweminyaka embalwa, luqinisekisa indawo yalo njengendawo ethakazelisa kakhulu emhlabeni.