I-Neptune, iplanethi ekude kunawo wonke kusistimu sonozungezilanga, ibambe intshisekelo yososayensi nezimfundamakhwela ngokufanayo ngenxa yezimo ezidlulele zomkhathi ezibambayo. Naphezu kokuba kude kwayo, ohambweni lwasemkhathini kanye nezibonakude ezithuthuke kakhulu zikwazile ukudalula izimfihlo zayo eziningi. Umbala waso oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka oshubile, umoya ovunguzayo, kanye nokwakheka kwesimo sezulu esiyingqayizivele kwenza lesi sikhondlakhondla seqhwa sibe into efanelekela ukufundwa ngokujulile.
Lesi sihloko sihlose ukuhlanganisa uhambo oluphelele ngezendlalelo, ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, ukwakheka kanye nokuvela komkhathi we-Neptune., ukuhlanganisa lonke ulwazi lwamanje oluhlanganiswe imithombo esemthethweni, yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe. Okutholwe kwakamuva okuvela ku-James Webb Space Telescope, okuveze ukukhanya okusha nge-Neptunian auroras kanye nokuhlukahluka okushisayo komkhathi wayo, kuzoxoxwa ngakho.
Unjani umoya we-Neptune?
Umkhathi we-Neptune ungomunye wezindawo eziminyene kakhulu, ezibanda kakhulu, futhi ezinomoya kunawo wonke kuso sonke isimiso sonozungezilanga.. Yakhiwe ikakhulukazi i-molecule ye-hydrogen (H2), i-helium (He) ne-methane (CH4). Lona wakamuva unesibopho sombala weplanethi ojulile oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, njengoba udonsa ukukhanya okubomvu ku-spectrum yelanga futhi ubonise okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Emkhathini, ososayensi baye bathola izingqimba eziningana eziyinhloko:
- I-Troposphere: isendlalelo esiphansi kunazo zonke, esibhekene nezimo eziningi ze-meteorological. Yilapho amafu neziphepho kukhiqizwa khona, amazinga okushisa ehla ngokuphakama.
- I-Stratosphere: ngaphezu kwe-troposphere, lapho amazinga okushisa eqala ukukhuphuka. Ama-hydrocarbons afana ne-ethane ne-acetylene atholakala lapha, akhiwe yi-solar photolysis.
- I-Thermosphere: ungqimba olushisayo kakhulu. Naphezu kokuba kude neLanga, ifinyelela emazingeni okushisa afinyelela ku-750 K, isenzakalo esingakachazwa ngokugcwele.
- Umkhathi: indawo engaphandle, lapho amagesi asemkhathini abalekela khona unomphela emkhathini.
Emkhathini wamaNeptunian, amafu enhlanganisela ehlukahlukene nawo akha kuye ngokuphakama nokucindezela.. Ezingenhla zenziwe nge-methane eqandisiwe, ezimaphakathi ziyi-ammonia ne-hydrogen sulfide, futhi ngaphansi, kucatshangwa ukuthi kukhona amafu eqhwa lamanzi, okusikisela ukuba yinkimbinkimbi okumangalisayo okume mpo.
Izivunguvungu ezimbi kakhulu kanye nemimoya esimisweni sonozungezilanga
Esinye sezimo zezulu ezidume kakhulu ze-Neptune i-Great Dark Spot., uhlobo lwesishingishane esilingana noMhlaba esatholwa umkhumbi-mkhathi i-Voyager 2 ngo-1989. Nakuba lokhu kwakheka kwanyamalala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, okufanayo kwatholwa kamuva, okusikisela ukuthi lezi zinhlelo ezesikhashana kodwa zivamile.
Izendlalelo zamafu zingaba ngaphezu kuka-50 km ubukhulu futhi zihambe ngezindlela ezihlukene kuye nge-latitude., ukudala amabhendi omkhathi kuzo zombili izinhlangothi nenkabazwe kanye nendawo yenkabazwe. Amandla angaphakathi eplanethi anamandla, okungenzeka abangelwa ukushisa okuyinsalela kokwakheka kwawo noma ezinqubweni eziguquguqukayo ezisemoyeni, abhebhezela lo mkhathi oshukumisayo.
Umkhathi weNeptune unesakhiwo esiguqukayo kakhulu futhi unothile ngezinto.. Izingxenye eziyinhloko yilezi:
- I-Hydrogen: ngaphezu kwama-80% wokwakheka kwegesi.
- I-Helium: cishe u-18%.
- I-Methane: cishe u-2%, nakuba idlala indima ebonakalayo ebonakalayo.
- Amanye ama-compounds: Imikhondo ye-ammonia, i-ethane, i-acetylene, amanzi, i-hydrogen sulfide, i-carbon monoxide ne-hydrogen cyanide.
I-methane ayigcini nje ngokubangela umbala weplanethi, iphinde ingenele ezinqubweni ezifana nokwakheka kwamafu kanye nokumuncwa kwemisebe ye-infrared. Kunobufakazi bokuthi i-methane, i-ammonia, namanzi nakho kuyatholakala phakathi neplanethi, okwenza uketshezi oluningi.
Ukucindezela komkhathi ku-Neptune kungadlula ku-100 MPa, futhi izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lamafu lingehla liye ku--218 °C.. Ekujuleni okukhulu, umfutho uyanda, ovumela iqhwa ukuba lakheke ngisho nasezingeni eliphezulu lokushisa, okwenza le planethi ibe nezakhiwo ezingavamile.
Izinkathi ezinde kanye nokushintshashintsha kwesimo sezulu ngokwedlulele
I-Neptune ihlangabezana nezinkathi zonyaka ezifana nalezo eziseMhlabeni, kodwa ngayinye ihlala ngaphezu kweminyaka engamashumi amane.. Lokhu kungenxa yokutsheka kwayo kwe-axial cishe okungamadigri angu-28,3 kanye nokuzungeza kwayo okude kakhulu kweminyaka engu-165 izungeza iLanga.
Phakathi nehlobo kwelinye i-hemisphere, isimo somkhathi sishintsha kakhulu.. Isibonelo, ehlobo lakamuva le-Southern Hemisphere (elathatha iminyaka engaba ngu-40 yoMhlaba), ukwanda kokuminyana kwamafu e-methane kwabonwa phezu kwe-South Pole, umphumela wokufudumala kwesizini okuhwamulise enye ye-methane eyiqhwa yaya ezindaweni eziphakeme.
Iphethini yokushisa eyinqaba nayo ibonwe: Umkhathi ongaphezulu we-Neptune uphole kakhulu emashumini eminyaka amuva nje.. Ngokubona kwe-Webb telescope, izinga lokushisa ngo-2023 lalicishe libe uhhafu walelo elaqoshwa i-Voyager 2 ngo-1989. Lesi simo sisacwaningwa, kodwa singaba nomthelela ekushubeni kwama-aurora kanye nokusebenza komkhathi jikelele.
I-Auroras ku-Neptune: Okusha okutholwe ku-Webb telescope
Into exakayo ngama-aurora aseNeptune ukuthi awavalelwanga ezigxotsheni njengaseplanethi yethu.. Ngenxa yokuthi amandla kazibuthe ale planethi atsheke cishe ngama-degree angu-47 uma kuqhathaniswa ne-axis yayo yokuzungeza, ama-aurora avela ezindaweni ezimaphakathi, njengoba nje engenzeka eMhlabeni phezu kweNingizimu Melika.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Webb ihlonze ukuba khona okuqinile kwe-ion ye-H3+ emkhathini ongaphezulu we-Neptune., umaka ocacile womsebenzi we-auroral. Lokhu kutholwa bekubalulekile ngoba kuqinisekise ngokungaqondile izinga lokushisa lomkhathi ongaphezulu kanye nomthelela amandla kazibuthe anawo esakhiweni sawo.
Ukuhlola nokutholwe ngokomlando mayelana nomkhathi wayo
I-Neptune yatholwa ngo-1846 ngenxa yezibalo zezibalo ezabikezela ukuba khona kwayo ngokusekelwe ekuphazamisekeni komjikelezo we-Uranus.. Ukuba kude kwayo kulethe inselele enkulu ocwaningweni lwayo, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukubonwa kwe-telescopic kanye nemishini yasemkhathini kuye kwembula ulwazi olumangalisayo.
Ngo-1989, i-Voyager 2 probe yaba eyokuqala futhi kuphela ukundiza nge-Neptune., enikeza izithombe ezinemininingwane yendawo yayo eguqubele, izindandatho zayo nezinyanga eziyijikelezayo. Ngenxa yalo msebenzi, kwatholakala imimoya enamandla nezivunguvungu ezifana neNdawo Enkulu Emnyama, futhi kwaqinisekiswa nokuba khona kwamandla kazibuthe ayinkimbinkimbi.
Kamuva, izibonakude ezifana neHubble neWebb ziye zaqhubeka nokufunda iplanethi kusuka ku-Earth and Earth orbit., okuvumela ukurekhodwa kokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwesizini, ukupholisa komkhathi nokuvela kwama-aurora, kanye nokucindezela kokumodela ngokunembile, izinga lokushisa kanye namaphrofayili okwakheka kwamakhemikhali ezindaweni eziphakeme ezihlukene.
Ukutadisha okuqhubekayo kwe-Neptune akusivumeli nje kuphela ukuthi siqonde le planethi eyingqayizivele, kodwa futhi isebenza njengesibonelo sokutadisha ama-exoplanets afanayo. ukuzungeza ezinye izinkanyezi nokuba nomkhathi ocebile nge-methane noma izimo zezulu ezimbi kakhulu.
I-Neptune iyiplanethi engayeki ukumangala. Umkhathi wayo uyikhaya lezinye zezinto ezimbi kakhulu kuwo wonke isimiso sonozungezilanga: imimoya eshesha umbani, iziphepho ezinkulu, ama-auroras ezindaweni ezingalindelekile, namandla okushisa namakhemikhali asaphakamisa imibuzo eminingi. Ulwazi olukhishwe emithonjeni eyahlukene lunikeza izingcezu ezibalulekile kule puzzle enkulu eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ngokubona ngakunye okusha, kancane kancane siqedela imephu yeplanethi, nakuba ikude, edlala indima ebalulekile ekuqondeni umhlaba ogcwele umoya neqhwa womkhathi.
