Izintaba-mlilo ziyizakhiwo ezihehayo zokuma kwezwe ezihlanganisa ingaphakathi elijulile loMhlaba nendawo yawo. Lab’ oshimula bemvelo abakhulu ababhekeleli nje kuphela ukuqopha izindawo ezinhle zentaba-mlilo, kodwa futhi baye baba nomthelela emlandweni wesintu ngokuqhuma kwabo. Ukuze uqonde kangcono indlela abaziphatha ngayo, i-geology ibahlukanisa ngezinhlobo ezahlukene ngokuya ngemibandela ehlukahlukene. Phakathi kwazo, kugqame izintaba-mlilo i-hydromagmatic, imifantu y ngaphansi komhlaba, eziveza izici eziyingqayizivele kokubili ekwakhekeni kwazo kanye nomsebenzi wazo wokuqhuma.
Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kusivumela ukuthi sihlaziye umsuka, amandla okuqhuma, nobungozi obuhambisana nohlobo ngalunye, okubalulekile ekuvimbeleni izinhlekelele zemvelo kanye nokuhlelwa kwendawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwazi izehlakalo ezingokomlando zokuqhuma kusisiza siqonde umthelela wangempela lezi zenzakalo ezinawo endaweni ezungezile kanye nenani labantu. Kulesi sihloko, sikuthatha ohambweni oluphelele lwe-geological ukuze uthole ukuthi izintaba-mlilo zihlukaniswa kanjani, izinhlobo zazo eziyinhloko, nokuthi yiziphi izibonelo zangempela ezisifundisa izifundo ezibalulekile. Uma ufuna ukujula esihlokweni, sikumema ukuthi ufunde ngaso intabamlilo nokubaluleka kwayo.
Zihlukaniswa kanjani izintaba-mlilo?
Izintaba-mlilo zingahlukaniswa kusetshenziswa imibandela ehlukene ye-geological and volcanological. Phakathi kwezinto ezifanele kakhulu yilezi:
- Ngokohlobo lokuqhumaI-magmatic, i-phreatomagmatic noma i-phreatic.
- Ngenxa yokuma nokwakheka kwayo: isihlangu, i-stratovolcano, i-cinder cone, idome, njll.
- Ngokusho komsebenzi wakho: iyasebenza, ayisebenzi noma ayisekho.
- Ngohlobo lwe-lava nemikhiqizo ekhishwayo: i-basaltic, i-andesitic, i-dacitic noma i-rhyolitic.
Phakathi kwezigaba eziqondile yilezi izintaba-mlilo ze-hydromagmatic, the izintaba-mlilo futhi i ukuqhuma komhlaba noma ngaphansi kweqhwa, eziyingxenye yezinhlobo eziqhumayo ezichazwa indlela i-magma nezinye izakhi ezinjengamanzi ezihlangana ngayo. Ukuze uqonde kangcono izici ezihlukene, ungabheka isihloko esithi izinhlobo zezintaba-mlilo.
Ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo: kuqhuma futhi kuyaphela
Esinye sezici ezibalulekile ku-volcanology ukuhlukanisa phakathi ukuqhuma kweziqhumane y effusive:
- Iziqhumane: zibonakala ngokukhululwa okunamandla kwezingcezu eziqinile, amagesi nomlotha. Lokhu kwenzeka lapho i-magma i-viscous futhi iphezulu nge-silica, ebamba amagesi futhi ikhiqize ukucindezela.
- effusive: i-magma iwuketshezi futhi impofu ngamagesi. Udaka lugeleza kahle lusuka ku-crater noma ukuqhekeka, lwakha ukugeleza okubanzi kodwa ngaphandle kokuqhuma okukhulu.
Izintaba-mlilo zaseHawaii, ngokwesibonelo, zimelela uhlobo olucacile lokuqhuma okungalawuleki, kuyilapho izintaba-mlilo zasePlinian noma zasePelian zisho ukuqhuma kwamandla amakhulu okubhubhisa. Ukuqonda lezi zindlela kubalulekile, futhi ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe ngokuhlukaniswa kwazo, ungafunda isihloko Intaba-mlilo yaseTambora.
Ukuqhuma kweMagmatic: ukuhlukaniswa nezibonelo
Lokhu kuqhuma kwenzeka lapho i-magma ikhuphukela phezulu, ikhiqiza izinhlobo ezahlukene zezintaba-mlilo kuye ngokuziphatha kwazo. Ake sibheke eziyinhloko:
Ukuqhuma kwe-Plinian
Zinodlame kakhulu futhi zicekela phansi. Abonakala ngamakholomu aqhumayo angafinyelela phakathi Amakhilomitha angama-20 nama-30 phezulu. Zishintshanisa izigaba eziqhumayo neziqhumayo, ngokuqagela komlotha, amagesi, i-lava nama-pyroclasts. Isibonelo somlando kwakuyi- Ukuqhuma kweVesuvius ngo-79 AD owangcwaba iPompeii neHerculaneum. Lokhu kuqhuma kuyafundisa futhi ocwaningweni lwezintaba-mlilo ezithule, ongazihlola ngokuqhubekayo lapha. ukuhlola izintaba-mlilo ezithule.
Ezinye izintaba-mlilo zasePlinian zihlanganisa I-Mount Teide (Spain), I-Popocatepetl (EMexico), Fujiyama (Japan) kanye Mount Saint Helens (USA).
Ukuqhuma kwePelean
Babizwa ngegama lentaba-mlilo I-Mount Pelée eMartinique. Lokhu ukuqhuma okukhulu kakhulu, okune-viscous magma evala ushimula. Ukuqhuma kuyakha amafu avuthayo noma ukugeleza kwe-pyroclastic okukwazi ukucekela phansi yonke into esendleleni yabo. Ukuqhuma kwango-1902 kwacekela phansi idolobha laseSaint-Pierre. Lolu hlobo lomsebenzi lubalulekile ekuqondeni intaba-mlilo namadwala avuthayo.
Ukuqhuma kweVulcan
Uketshezi oluncane kanye ne-viscous magma ibangela ukuthi i-crater ivaleke, yakhe ingcindezi futhi ibangele ukuqhuma okunamandla. Ucezu lwe-lavas luqhekeka ngokushesha, lukhiqize amafu aminyene omlotha namabhomu entaba-mlilo. Ngokuvamile zakha izigaxa ezinemithambeka emikhulu. Isibonelo: intabamlilo iVulcano eziQhingini zaseLipari.
Ukuqhuma kweStrombolian
Lokhu kuqhuma kuyashintshana phakathi kwezigaba zokuqhuma okuncane nokugeleza kwe-lava. I-Lava i i-viscous kakhulu kunezinhlobo zaseHawaii kodwa igcina uketshezi oluthile. Ama-cones ane-stratified aziwa ngokuthi ama-stratovolcanoes ayakhiwa. Intabamlilo I-Stromboli, e-Italy, imelela lolu hlobo futhi ibilokhu isebenza amakhulu eminyaka. Ukuze uqonde kangcono umsebenzi wayo wokuqhuma, ungahlola lapha mayelana yini i-lava.
Ukuqhuma kweHawaii
I-Magma iphuma ngemifantu noma ngamashubhu entaba-mlilo nokugeleza okuqhubekayo kodaka oluwuketshezi olunegesi encane. Ziyizintaba-mlilo ezithule kakhulu futhi zihlotshaniswa nezintaba-mlilo ze umthambeka ophansi kanye nokwandiswa okukhulu. Isibonelo esivelele: Izintaba-mlilo zaseHawaii ezifana neKilauea.
Ukuqhuma kwe-Icelandic noma imifantu
Lolu hlobo lokuqhuma lwenzeka kulo lonke imifantu emikhulu noma imifantu oqweqweni, lapho kuvela khona udaka olumanzi kakhulu. Ukugeleza kwentaba-mlilo kuyanwebeka, kwenze izintaba-mlilo eziwugqinsi. Izibonelo ezaziwayo zihlanganisa I-Deccan Plateau eNdiya kanye nase I-Laki fissure e-Iceland.
Ukuqhuma kwe-phreatomagmatic: lapho i-magma ihlangana namanzi
Lolu hlobo lokuqhuma lwenziwa yi- ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-magma namanzi (kusuka olwandle, emachibini noma emanzini angaphansi komhlaba). Le ngxube engazelelwe ikhiqiza isitimu esinomfutho ophezulu oholela ekuqhumeni okunodlame. Izinhlobo ezintathu ezingezansi zikhonjwa:
Ukuqhuma kweSurtseyan
Zenzeka emanzini angashoni (njengolwandle noma amachibi) futhi zikhiqize ukuqhuma ngenxa yokuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kwe-magma namanzi. Igama layo livela esiqhingini saseSurtsey (Iceland), owazalwa ngo-1963 ngemva kokuqhuma kwalolu hlobo. Bangakwazi ukwakha iziqhingi ezintsha ze-volcanic. Lokhu kuqhuma kuyathakazelisa ikakhulukazi ocwaningweni lwe umsuka weziqhingi ezintsha.
Ukuqhuma kwamanzi
Okuvame kakhulu kodwa akubonakali kakhulu. Umfutho wamanzi uvimbela amagesi ukuthi angadedelwa kalula. Ngokuvamile azinakwa, ngaphandle kwalapho kunokukhululwa okukhulu kwe-magma noma lapho zenzeka emachibini, lapho imiphumela yazo ibonakala kakhulu.
Ukuqhuma kwe-subglacial
Ziyakhula ngaphansi kwezingqimba ezinkulu zeqhwa, njengezinguzunga zeqhwa. I-Magma incibilikisa iqhwa futhi iqongelela amanzi, angabangela ukuqhuma noma akhe amachibi angaphansi kweqhwa. Lolu hlobo lokuqhuma luhlotshaniswa nezintaba-mlilo e-Iceland noma e-Antarctica. Ngokuvamile zineziqongo eziyisicaba kanye nemithambeka ewumqansa.
Ukuqhuma kwe-phreatic: ngaphandle kokuba khona kwe-magma
Ukuqhuma kwe-phreatic kukhona ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo ngaphandle kwe-magma. Zenzeka lapho amanzi ehlangana ngokungaqondile nomthombo wokushisa wentaba-mlilo, njenge-magma ejulile, futhi kungazelelwe aphenduke abe isitimu, akhiqize ukuqhuma okukhulu.
Lolu hlobo lokuqhuma luphonsa amanzi, umlotha, amatshe nesitimu emoyeni kodwa ngaphandle kokukhipha udaka. Nakuba ingabonakali kangako, ingaba yingozi kakhulu ngoba ungavezi izimpawu zangaphambili ezicacile.
Izimo eziyizifanekiselo zokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo
Ngezansi, sibuyekeza ezinye zezehlakalo ezibhalwe kakhulu zokuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo ezibonisa kahle izinhlobo ezahlukene zezintaba-mlilo nokuqhuma:
I-Quizapu Volcano (Chile, 1932)
Ukuqhuma kwePlinian okwaqala ikholomu yomlotha engama-30 km ukuphakama, ethinta izifunda zase-Argentina naseBrazil. Kubangele ukulimala okukhulu kwezenhlalo nezomnotho kanye nokwehla kwezinga lokushisa emhlabeni wonke eningizimu nenkabazwe.
I-Hudson Volcano (Chile, 1991)
Ukuqhuma okukhulu kokuqhuma, nge ukuhlakazwa kwe-4 km³ ye-tephra eyafinyelela ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha ayi-1200. Kwadala umonakalo omkhulu ePatagonia, kwathinta imfuyo futhi kwadala ukugwaduleka.
I-Planchón-Peteroa Volcano (Argentina-Chile, 1991)
Ukuqhuma i-phreatomagmatic eyakha i-crater entsha futhi yahlakaza umlotha waba ngaphansi kwamamitha ayi-1000 ukuphakama. Nakuba yayinamandla aphansi, ibe nomthelela onamandla emfuyweni futhi yabangela ukukhishwa kokuvimbela.
ILascar Volcano (Chile, 1993)
Ukuqhuma kwe-subplinia enekholomu eqhumayo efika ku-23 km ubude. Yahlakaza umlotha kude njengase-Argentina futhi yabangela ukugeleza kwe-pyroclastic e-Chile. Lo mcimbi ubungomunye wemiqoka kakhulu enyakatho yeChile.
I-Chaitén Volcano (Chile, 2008)
Ukuqhuma okukhulu ngemva kweminyaka engaphezu kuka-9000 yokungasebenzi. I ukwakheka kwe-dome ye-siliceous futhi ukuwa kwayo okwalandela kwakhiqiza ukugeleza kwe-pyroclastic nama-lahar. Idolobha lasuswa ngokuphelele.
Puyehue – Cordón Caulle Volcanic Complex (Chile, 2011)
Ukuqhuma kwe-Fissure nge ikholomu eqhumayo ifika ku-14 km ubude kanye nokuwa komlotha e-Argentina. Isikhumulo sezindiza saseBariloche sivaliwe izinyanga eziyi-7. Kwakukhona nokugeleza kwe-pyroclastic kanye nokukhishwa okuqhubekayo kwezinyanga.
I-Copahue Volcano (Argentina-Chile, 2012)
Ukuqhuma ekuqaleni i-hydromagmatic eyavela yaba iStrombolian. I-pyroclastic cone eyakhiwe ngaphakathi kwe-crater kanye nomlotha waqoshwa kufika ku-50 km. Idolobha laseCaviahue lakhishwa isikhashana.
I-Calbuco Volcano (Chile, 2015)
Ukuqhuma kwe-subplinia okunodlame nge 17,5 km ikholomu. Ukugeleza kwe-Pyroclastic, ama-lahar kanye nokuphuma kwabantu abaningi kwenzeka. E-Argentina, umlotha wabangela ukuphazamiseka komoya kanye nokulimala kwemfuyo.
Lezi zenzakalo zibonisa lokho Ukuhlukaniswa kwezintaba-mlilo ngokwendlela yokuqhuma kwazo kuyithuluzi elibalulekile ucwaningo nokulawulwa kwengozi yentaba-mlilo. Kusukela ekuqhumeni okukhulu kwe-Plinian kuya ekuqhumeni okuthulile, okusabalele kwesitayela saseHawaii, uhlobo ngalunye lwentaba-mlilo lumelela ukuguquguquka kokuma komhlaba okuhlukile okunemiphumela ehluke ngokulinganayo.
