Ukuphenduka ugwadule kuyadlondlobala eSpain, izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezisongelayo, ukutholakala kokudla, kanye nokuzinza kwezomnotho ezifundeni ezihlukahlukene. Nakuba ugwadule luthinta ingxenye enkulu yezwe, ezinye izifunda ezinjengeCanary Islands, Murcia, kanye neValencian Community zibhekene nesimo esikhathazayo ngokukhethekile, ngokwezixwayiso zososayensi nezikhungo zikazwelonke nezamazwe ngamazwe.
Kuwo wonke amafayili we- Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, ukunyuka kwamazinga okushisa njalo, ukuncipha kwemvula kanye nokucindezela kwabantu emithonjeni yamanzi ziye zasheshisa ukuwohloka kwenhlabathi. Izindawo ezake zaba nomswakama omncane ziyaguqulwa zibe izindawo ezomile noma ezomile, futhi izindawo ezingaphansi komhlaba eziningi zikhombisa izimpawu ezicacile zokuncipha. Imiphumela idlulela ngalé kwezemvelo futhi ithinta ngokuqondile isizinda senhlalo nezomnotho, ikakhulukazi emikhakheni ebalulekile efana nezolimo nezokuvakasha.
Intuthuko ye-Aridity: idatha namaqiniso endawo
Ngokwezifundo zakamuva ze Umkhandlu Ophakeme Wocwaningo Lwezesayensi (CSIC), ngaphezu kwe-16% ye-Canary Islands ingene ezigabeni ezomile kakhulu eminyakeni engamashumi ayisithupha, okwenza kube umphakathi ozibusayo othinteke kakhulu kulolu shintsho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i- Izindawo ezomile nezisagwadule zithole izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha-skwele Emphakathini wase-Valencian kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, into esekelwa ukuhlaziya kwe-State Meteorological Agency (AEMET).
Lokhu kushintsha kwezwe akuthinti kuphela izindawo ezomile ngokwesiko, kodwa futhi nezindawo ebezisebenza njengezizinda zamanzi nezindawo eziluhlaza, njengemithambeka esenyakatho yeTenerife neGran Canaria. Ukuphenduka ugwadule akushintshi nje kuphela imvelo kodwa futhi kusongela izitshalo, imithombo yamanzi, futhi, endabeni yaseCanary Islands, imodeli yezomnotho ehlotshaniswa nezokuvakasha.
Ukuqashwa kwezolimo kanye nokugcinwa kwezindawo zisengozini. Ochwepheshe babonisa ukuthi ukufuduka kwezitshalo ezindaweni eziphakeme kanye nokwehla kwamahlathi kaphayini kubonisa izingozi eziseduze uma izinyathelo eziphuthumayo zingathathwa.
Izinyathelo zesikhungo ngokumelene nokuwohloka kwemvelo
Ukuze sibhekane nokukhula kogwadule, Uhulumeni waseSpain wethule ukutshalwa kwezimali kwezigidi zamadola kanye nezinhlelo zamasu kokubili emazingeni kahulumeni nawesifunda. Okuqaphelekayo ama-euro ayizigidi ezingu-32 akamuva agunyazwe umsebenzi wokubuyisela emahlathini anciphayo noma asengozini enkulu yokomisa. Kuleli nani, Izigidi eziyisi-8,2 zabelwe iSifunda sase-Murcia, indawo ethinteke ikakhulukazi ukuncishiswa kwamanzi nokwenyuka kwamazinga okushisa.
Iphakheji yosizo, efakwe kuhlaka Uhlelo Lokutakula, Inguquko Nokuqina, ivumela ukuthuthukiswa kwezimali kwesakhiwo samahlathi, ukukhuthazwa kwezinhlobo zemvelo, ukuvimbela izinambuzane nezifo, ukuncishiswa kwengozi yomlilo, nokuthuthukiswa kwemigwaqo yasehlathini. Lezi zinhlelo zokungenelela zigxile kakhulu emazweni omphakathi futhi zifuna ukuqinisa ukuqina lapho kubhekene nesimo esiphuthumayo sezulu.
La I-Spanish Forestry Strategy Horizon 2050 futhi i Uhlelo lwezamahlathi lwase-Spain lwango-2022–2032 Basekela lezi zenzo, ezihlose ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwemvelo ne-hydrological yezintaba futhi bavumelanise amahlathi nesimo sokunciphisa ukutholakala kwamanzi.
Izinselelo nemiphumela yezomnotho nezenhlalo
Ukuphenduka ugwadule akuyona nje inselele yemvelo; inemithelela ejulile yobulungiswa bezomnotho nezenhlalo. Ezindaweni zasemaphandleni, ukulahlekelwa inhlabathi evundile kanye nokuntuleka kwamanzi kwandisa ubumpofu, kuyilapho izinkampani ezinkulu zigcina ukufinyelela emithonjeni yamanzi ngobuchwepheshe obufana nezitshalo zokukhipha usawoti emanzini. ukungalingani ekutholeni amanzi nomhlaba Kungaba umthombo wokungqubuzana kanye nenkulumo-mpikiswano yezombangazwe, okudala ukungezwani phakathi kwabadlali bezenhlalo abahlukene.
Ngokombono womhlaba wonke, i- Inhlangano Yokusebenzisana Komnotho Nokuthuthukiswa (OECD) ixwayisa ngokuthi isomiso sizoba njalo futhi sibe nzima, kube nomthelela okhulayo wezomnotho. ESpain kuphela, kulinganiselwa ukuthi izindleko zesomiso ezilinganiselwe zingase ziphindwe kabili kunalezo ezaqoshwa emashumini amabili eminyaka edlule, ikakhulukazi ezithinta ezolimo kanye nokutholakala kwamanzi kwenani labantu.
El umkhakha wezolimo Isengozini ikakhulukazi. Ukwandiswa kokunisela kwenyuse ingcindezi ezindaweni ezingaphansi komhlaba, naphezu kokuthuthukiswa kokusebenza kahle. Amaphesenti angu-80 amanzi akhishwa eSpain asetshenziselwa ezolimo, futhi imifula iSegura, Júcar, neGuadalquivir igcizelelwa ngokukhethekile. Eminyakeni yesomiso, ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo kungancipha kuze kufike ku-22%, futhi omunye umonakalo ungenakulungiseka.
Imizamo yokubuyisela nokulondoloza: kusuka kumbono kuya ekusebenzeni
Izimali namasu aseYurophu kanye nekazwelonke axhasa ngezimali uchungechunge lwe izinyathelo ezihloselwe ukuvimbela kanye nokubuyiselwa kwemvelo: kusukela ekuthuthukisweni kwehlathi kuya ekuguqulelweni kwezinhlobo zezilwane ezijwayele isomiso kangcono, okuhlanganisa nokulawula uhlaza olubaswayo kanye nokuvimbela izinambuzane.
Ku Umphakathi waseValencianUkukhula kwehlathi—okubangelwa ukulahlwa kwezolimo—kubangele izinselele ezintsha ngokumangalisayo. Ukuqoqwa kwezinkuni ezifile kanye nokwanda kokuminyana kwezihlahla kwandisa ingozi yemililo ebhubhisayo, okuholela ochwepheshe ukuba bacele ukuphathwa okungcono nokusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo kwezinsiza.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinhlelo zakamuva zombuso nezesifunda zikhuthaza ukubuyiswa kwe-mosaic yamahlathi nezitshalo, zifuna ukulingana phakathi kokubuyiselwa kwemvelo kanye nokusebenza komnotho kanye nenhlalakahle yezindawo ezithintekile.
Izibalo zisekela ukuphuthuma kwalokhu kungenelela: ezinyangeni ezimbalwa zokuqala zika-2025 kuphela, izindawo ezahlukene zaseSpain zabhala izinhlekelele zezolimo ngenxa yeziphepho, isomiso, nesichotho ngaphezu kwamahektha angu-375.000, ngenani lesinxephezelo esingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-300 zama-euro.
Ukutshala imali ekuqiniseni amandla nasekuvimbeleni kubalulekile ukuze kubhekwane nogwadule.Imibiko ehlukahlukene yamazwe ngamazwe igcizelela ukuthi i-euro ngayinye echithwa ekuvimbeleni ukuwohloka kwenhlabathi ingaphindaphinda imbuyiselo yayo, hhayi nje ngokwezomnotho kuphela, kodwa nangokwezinga lempilo, ukulondeka kwamanzi, nokongiwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Isimo sokuphenduka ugwadule e-Spain sidinga umzamo ohlangene futhi osimeme, womphakathi nowangasese, nokuzibophezela kwangempela ekuzivumelaniseni nezimo nokuphatha okunesibopho kwemithombo yemvelo. Kuphela ngamasu aphelele, ukusebenzisana phakathi kweziphathimandla zikahulumeni, kanye nokuqwashisa umphakathi lapho kuzokwaziwa khona ukunqanda ukusabalala kwalesi simo futhi kulondolozelwe impilo yezimiso zemvelo ukuze kuzuze izizukulwane ezizayo.
