Ucwaningo lwe insimu kazibuthe kumongo weSolar System Ingenye yaleyo mikhakha yesayensi okuthi, nakuba ingase izwakale iwubuchwepheshe, inemithelela emikhulu ekuphileni, ukuhlola umkhathi, nokuqonda amaplanethi angomakhelwane. Uma sicabanga ngoMhlaba, iLanga, neVenus, sivame ukugxila emasayizini azo noma ibanga lawo ukusuka eLangeni, kodwa amandla kazibuthe azo enza umehluko phakathi kwemihlaba enokuhlalwa kuyo, indawo enenzondo, kanye nezimo ze-cosmic ezithakazelisayo.
Uma uke wazibuza kungani uMhlaba ukhethekile (nolwandle, ukuphila, kanye nobuchwepheshe obuchumayo) njengoba iVenus ivutha njengeziko futhi iLanga liphonsa iziphepho zelanga ngezigidi zamakhilomitha ngehora, usuzothola ukuthi uzibuthe usenhliziyweni yakho konke. Lapha siyakutshela, ngokuningiliziwe, Indlela amandla kazibuthe oMhlaba, iLanga, neVenus asebenza ngayo, akhiqizwa kanjani, nokuthi axhumana kanjani, ukuhluka kwazo kwesakhiwo, nokuthi kungani leso ‘sivikelo sikazibuthe esingabonakali’ singase sibe isihluthulelo sokuba khona komhlaba wethu.
Iyini insimu kazibuthe yeplanethi futhi kungani ibalulekile?
Un iplanethi kazibuthe Kuyisifunda sethonya elisungulwe ukuhamba kwezinto eziqhutshwayo ngaphakathi kwendikimba yasezulwini, njengengqikithi yeplanethi noma i-plasma yenkanyezi. Lezi zinkambu zisebenza njengezihlangu, zichezukisa izinhlayiya ezishajiwe ezivela emkhathini, ikakhulukazi umoya welanga. Ngokwesibonelo, emhlabeni, Insimu kazibuthe ibalulekile ukuze kuvikelwe umkhathi, indawo engaphezulu kanye nempilo ngokwayo kusukela ekuqhumeni kwamabhomu njalo kwemisebe kanye nezinhlayiya ezinamandla kakhulu ezivela eLangeni nasesikhaleni sezinkanyezi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amandla kazibuthe eplanethi asiza ekunqumeni isimo sezulu esisemkhathini weplanethi nokuhlala khona. Ngaphandle kwalesi sivikelo, imisebe ingashanela ngokoqobo emkhathini futhi iguqule iplanethi okungahlalwa kuyo ibe ugwadule olungenandawo yokuhlala, njengoba kungenzeka kuMars naseVenus.
Umhlaba kazibuthe: isihlangu esibalulekile
El Amandla kazibuthe omhlaba Cishe iyona eyaziwa kakhulu futhi efundwa kakhulu ohlelweni lwelanga ngemuva kwensimu kazibuthe yelanga uqobo. Isuka ngenxa yenqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi i-geodynamo, eqhutshwa yi ukunyakaza kwensimbi encibilikisiwe engxenyeni yangaphandle Zomhlaba. Lapho le nto esebenzayo ijikeleza ngenxa yokujikeleza kweplanethi kanye ne-thermal convection, amagagasi akhiqizwa. imisinga kagesi yona-ke ikhiqize amandla kazibuthe.
Le nsimu kazibuthe ayimile; Kuyisakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi nesiguquguqukayo, esishintsha njalo, i-polarity yayo iphinde yahlehliswa izikhathi eziningi kuwo wonke umlando weplanethi. Ukuguqulwa kwesigxobo sikazibuthe Zenzeka ngokungajwayelekile futhi zishiya imikhondo emadwaleni, okuvumela ososayensi ukuthi bakhe kabusha isikhathi esidlule sikazibuthe soMhlaba.
La Imagnetosphere yomhlaba, isifunda lapho amandla kazibuthe edlula amandla elanga, inweba amashumi ezinkulungwane zamakhilomitha ngaphesheya kwendawo futhi igweme iningi lomoya welanga. Ngaphandle kwalesi ‘sambulela’ sikazibuthe, umkhathi womhlaba ubungamuka nomoya welanga, njengoba kwenzeka kuMars. Ukuba khona kwamanzi awuketshezi, isimo sezulu esipholile kanye nokuba khona kokuphila kuye, ngokwengxenye, kuxhumene nokusebenza kwalesi sihlangu sikazibuthe..
I-magnetosphere nayo inesibopho izigigaba ezihlaba umxhwele njengezibani ezisenyakatho naseningizimu, kusukela lapho izinhlayiya ezinamandla ezivela eLangeni zifika emkhathini womhlaba ezigxotsheni futhi zijabulise ama-athomu akhona, akhiqiza ukukhanya kokukhanya kwemibala eminingi.
Ucwaningo lwakamuva luphakamisa ukuthi Amandla kazibuthe omhlaba aneminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-4.200 ubudala futhi yayiyisihluthulelo sokulondoloza umkhathi nokuvimbela ukulahlekelwa kwamanzi phakathi nezikhathi zokuqala nezinamandla kakhulu zomoya welanga, lapho iSolar System isencane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, idatha yezinsalela kazibuthe evela kumaminerali afana ne-zircon isisiza ukuthi siqonde ukushuba kwensimu esikhathini esidlule kanye nezimo ezivumela ukuphila.
Indlela kazibuthe yeLanga ekhiqizwa ngayo: i-solar dynamo
El Sol, inkosi yethu eyinkanyezi, ayiyona iplanethi, kodwa iyindilinga enkulukazi ye-plasma enyakaza njalo. Indawo yayo kazibuthe cishe inamandla kakhulu futhi inamandla ku-Solar System, futhi ekugcineni ibhekene nesimo sezulu sasemkhathini esithinta wonke amaplanethi.
NjengoMhlaba, inkambu kazibuthe yelanga ivela ngenxa ye-a umphumela we-dynamo, kodwa lapha into conductive yi i-plasma: inhlanganisela yama-proton, ama-electron kanye ne-athomu nuclei ekuhambeni okuqhubekayo. Yena ukunyakaza okuhlukile (ukuzungeza ngesivinini esihlukene ezindaweni ezihlukene kanye nasekujuleni kweLanga) kanye ne-plasma convection ejulile ngaphakathi kwalo kubangela ukukhiqizwa kwezizibuthe eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu nezishintshayo.
I-solar magnetic field ayishintshi; Iyasonteka, ihlele kabusha, futhi ihlanekezele ngezikhathi ezithile. Njalo eminyakeni eyishumi nanye noma ngaphezulu, ILanga libhekana nomjikelezo lapho inkambu yalo kazibuthe ishintsha i-polarity, ehambisana nokwanda okukhulu kwama-sunspots kanye neziphepho zelanga ezidumile. Lokhu kuqhuma kukhulula amajethi amakhulu ezinhlayiya emkhathini, okuthonya i-magnetosphere yoMhlaba namanye amaplanethi.
Lo mjikelezo kazibuthe welanga uqhutshwa yi- umphumela we-alpha-omega. Umphumela we-omega uvela ku- i-tachocline, uguquko phakathi kwendawo ekhipha imisebe kanye nendawo ye-convective, lapho ukuzungeza kwangaphakathi kweLanga kushintshana nge-latitude nokujula. Umphumela we-alpha, okhiqiza izingxenye zensimu ye-poloidal kusuka ku-toroids, awukaqondwa ngokugcwele, futhi izifundo ezimbalwa ziphakamisa ukuthi ungase uthonywe amagagasi eplanethi nokungazinzi kwe-Tayler, isenzakalo esibangela ukuzulazula ngaphandle kwezindleko zamandla cishe.
El umoya welanga Kungomunye umphumela oqondile we-solar magnetic field: umfudlana oqhubekayo wezinhlayiya ezishajwayo ezisheshisa ukufika ezigidini zamakhilomitha ngehora. Lokhu kugeleza kwe-plasma kudala i-heliosphere, ibhamuza likazibuthe elihlanganisa wonke amaplanethi ku-Solar System, futhi umngcele walo uphawula umkhawulo lapho ithonya leLanga liqala ukunikeza indawo emkhathini wezinkanyezi.
La ukuxhumana phakathi kwensimu kazibuthe yelanga namaplanethi Ichaza isimo sezulu sasemkhathini, idale izenzakalo ezifana ne-auroras on Earth namanye amaplanethi, futhi ingathinta ngokujulile ukuthunyelwa komkhathi nobuchwepheshe ku-orbit.
I-Venus: Impicabadala yokungabikho kwensimu kazibuthe yangaphakathi
I-Venus, evame ukubizwa ngokuthi "iwele lomhlaba" ngobukhulu bayo obufanayo kanye nokwakheka kwayo, imele enye yezimfihlakalo kazibuthe ezinkulu zeSolar System. Naphezu kokufana kwayo neplanethi yethu, I-Venus cishe ayinayo inkambu yamagnetic yangaphakathi.. Kunalokho, ine-a insimu kazibuthe, ibuthakathaka kakhulu futhi iguquguquka kakhulu, ekhiqizwa ukuxhumana phakathi komoya welanga nomkhathi wawo ongaphezulu.
Isizathu esiyinhloko salokhu kungabikho kubonakala sengathi ukujikeleza kancane kweVenus (usuku lwaseVenusian luthatha izinsuku ezingama-243 zomhlaba, isikhathi eside kunonyaka waseVenusian!) kanye nokuntuleka okungenzeka komgogodla wensimbi oncibilikisiwe onyakazayo. Ngaphandle kwalesi sithako esiyisisekelo somphumela we-dynamo, iplanethi ayikwazi ukukhiqiza inkambu yamagnetic enamandla iyodwa.
Kodwa-ke, umoya welanga uhlangana nomkhathi ominyene weVenusian, uwufake i-ion futhi udale imisinga kagesi, yona eyenza i-magnetism. Le magnetosphere ayijwayelekile, ayizinzile futhi incane kakhulu kunoMhlaba. Ukudlula kwakamuva kwe-Solar Orbiter probe kuvumele ukunwetshwa kwayo ukuba kukalwe, kufinyelele ku-303.000 km (uma kuqhathaniswa, i-Earth magnetosphere inkulu ngokuphindaphindiwe).
La ukuntuleka kokuzivikela kazibuthe Lokhu kube nemiphumela engathi sína kuVenus: umkhathi wayo, ochayeke ngokuqondile emoyeni welanga, ubulokhu ulahlekelwa amagesi alula anjenge-hydrogen kanye mhlawumbe nomhwamuko wamanzi, okunomthelela esimweni sawo sokoma kanye namandla anamandla. abamba ukushisa enyusa izinga lokushisa elingaphezulu libe ngu-475 ºC. Umkhathi ominyene, ikakhulukazi isikhutha, namafu e-sulfuric acid avimbela ukusinda kwanoma iyiphi indlela yokuphila eyaziwayo, futhi angachoboza noma iyiphi i-probe ezama ukuwela phezu kwayo emizuzwini embalwa.
Imishini ye-Venus Express kanye ne-Solar Orbiter nayo ithole izinto ezeqisayo emkhathini we-Venusian: ukuqhuma okushisayo, ukwakheka "komsila ozibuthe," kanye nezenzakalo zokuxhuma kabusha kazibuthe, yonke imiphumela yempi eqhubekayo phakathi komoya welanga kanye ne-Venusian exosphere.
Ukuqhathanisa okuningiliziwe: ukwakheka, umsuka kanye nomthelela wendawo ngayinye kazibuthe
Ake sibone umbono wokuqhathanisa wemikhakha emithathu kazibuthe esithakasela kakhulu: leyo Umhlaba, the Sol y Venus.
- Umsuka wendawo kazibuthe: El Sol Ikhiqiza insimu yayo ngomphumela we-dynamo ku-plasma yayo eshisayo, eqhubayo, ehlanganisa ukujikeleza kanye ne-convection. I Umhlaba Ikhiqiza lokhu kubonga ekuhambeni kwensimbi encibilikisiwe engxenyeni yayo yangaphandle, futhi ngokusebenzisa umphumela we-dynamo. Venus Ayinayo insimu yamagnetic yangaphakathi ngenxa yokujikeleza kwayo kancane kanye nomnyombo oqinile okungenzeka ukuthi uqinile; insimu yayo idonswa ngaphandle.
- Isakhiwo nesandiso: Insimu kazibuthe i-solar Yinkulu futhi ihlanganisa yonke iSolar System (i-heliosphere). Omunye we Umhlaba yakha i-magnetosphere ebanzi, isihlangu ngokumelene nomoya welanga; I-Venus, ngokuphambene, inebhamuza elibuthakathaka, elenziwe, elincane kakhulu futhi elingazinzile, elinikeza ukuvikeleka okuncane.
- Umthelela wemvelo: Insimu kazibuthe ye Umhlaba Ivikela umkhathi, ivimbele ukuguguleka komhlabathi futhi ivumele ukuba khona kwamanzi awuketshezi nokuphila. Inkambu i-solar inquma isimo sezulu sasemkhathini futhi ibangele iziphepho ezithinta izinhlelo eziseMhlabeni. Ku Venus, ukungabikho kwesivikelo sikazibuthe esingaguquki kwenze kwaba lula ukulahlekelwa amagesi kanye nokwakheka kwendawo engenabungane ngokwedlulele.
- Izenzakalo ezihlobene: La Umhlaba thola ama-auroras neziphepho ze-geomagnetic. Yena Sol Iveza ama-sunspots, ukukhishwa kwenqwaba nemijikelezo yokuguqula. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iVenus ihlushwa ukuqhuma okushisayo, ukwakheka komsila kazibuthe, nokulahlekelwa komoya.
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwenkundla kazibuthe kanye nokuhlaleka
La ukuhlala kweplanethi Kuncike ezintweni eziningi, kodwa okunye okubaluleke kakhulu ubukhona be-a inkambu kazibuthe evikelayo. Ngaphandle kwalesi sivikelo, imisebe yelanga ne-cosmic ingacekela phansi noma igugule umkhathi. Ukuba khona kwalo mkhakha bekuyisisekelo ku- Umhlaba igcina izilwandle nezimo ezifanele ukuphila, kuyilapho kuVenus, ukungabi khona kwazo kube nomthelela ekubeni umkhathi wayo uminyene futhi ushise, kungabi namanzi aketshezi.
Umehluko ubonakala nakakhulu enanini lamanzi emhlabeni ngamunye. Umhlaba ukwazile ukugcina izilwandle zawo ngenxa yesivikelo sawo kazibuthe, kuyilapho iVenus, ehlala ichayeka emoyeni welanga, iye yalahlekelwa ingxenye enkulu ye-hydrogen nomoya-mpilo—izingxenye ezibalulekile zamanzi—okuvimbela ukuba khona kwezilwandle.
Ku isayensi yezinkanyezi yesimanje, ukusesha izindawo kazibuthe kuma-exoplanets kuyinkomba ebalulekile yokunquma ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuhlala kuzo, njengoba insimu kazibuthe ezinzile ingandisa ukuba khona komkhathi nezimo ezivumayo ekuphileni.
Inkambu kazibuthe yelanga kanye nomthelela wayo kumaplanethi aseduze
El insimu kazibuthe yeLanga futhi umoya welanga unquma kakhulu izimo kazibuthe zamaplanethi angaphakathi. Phakathi imijikelezo yomsebenzi ophezulu welangaUkukhishwa kwe-Coronal mass kungabangela iziphepho ezinamandla ze-geomagnetic Emhlabeni, amasathelayithi alimazayo, amagridi kagesi, nezinhlelo zokuxhumana. Ukusebenzisana komoya welanga nama-magnetospheres eplanethi kungahluka ngokuqina, kubangele izenzakalo ezifana nama-auroras futhi kuthinte ukuthunyelwa komkhathi.
Endabeni Venus, iLanga lidlala indima ebalulekile: okuwukuphela kwesivikelo elinaso sibangelwa umoya welanga, ongenele ukuvimbela ukulahlekelwa komoya. Ukubuka kwe-Solar Orbiter kwakamuva kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuhlonza izinhlayiya zejubane zafinyelela ngaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-8 km/h emsileni wayo kazibuthe, okubonisa ukusebenzisana okuqinile phakathi kwayo yomibili imizimba.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amagagasi adonsela phansi yeVenus, Earth and Jupiter ingase ihlotshaniswe nemijikelezo yelanga, njengoba ukuqondanisa okuvamile kubonakala kuhlobana nezinguquko emsebenzini wensimu kazibuthe yelanga kanye nokuhlehliswa kwezigxobo zawo, umjikelezo othatha cishe iminyaka eyi-11 nengxenye.
Ukuhlolwa kwamanje kanye nocwaningo lwezinkundla kazibuthe
Intuthuko ekuhloleni umkhathi yenze kwaba lula ukukalwa nokuhlaziywa kwezindawo kazibuthe kumaplanethi ahlukene naseLangeni ngokwalo. Imishini efana I-Solar Orbiter, IVenus Express, MESSENGER y I-Mars Global Surveyor Baqoqe idatha ebalulekile ngesakhiwo, ukuqina kanye namandla alezi zihlangu kazibuthe.
Iziphuphutheki zanamuhla, njenge Swayipha we-European Space Agency, ukulinganisa ngokunembile inkambu kazibuthe Yomhlaba, ukuqapha izinguquko kanye nokulindela izehlakalo eziyingozi emkhathini nobuchwepheshe basemhlabeni. Ucwaningo kumalabhorethri aseMhlabeni kanye nokuhlaziywa kwamadwala asendulo nakho kunomthelela ekwakhiweni kabusha komlando kazibuthe wamaplanethi, okusisiza siqonde izindlela zangaphakathi ezikhiqiza lezi zindawo.
Uzibuthe wePlanethi: ukuqhathanisa nezinye imizimba kuSolar System
Nakuba okugxilwe kakhulu kuMhlaba, iLanga, neVenus, amanye amaplanethi abonisa ukuhlukahluka okuthakazelisayo. K Es Es Escha! Escha Escha! Escha Escha! Escha! Inensimu kazibuthe ebuthakathaka, ekhiqizwa ingxenye encibilikisiwe, naphezu kobukhulu bayo obuncane; esikhundleni salokho, I-Jupiter Igqama ngomkhakha wayo onamandla, okhiqizwe ukuhamba kwe-liquid metallic hydrogen ngaphakathi kwayo, enweba izigidi zamakhilomitha futhi yakhe i-magnetosphere enkulukazi.
Imidondoshiya yegesi efana neSaturn, Uranus neNeptune nayo inamasimu kazibuthe, ngokuvamile anezimpophoma eziningi futhi anezimbazo ezithambekele maqondana nokujikeleza kwazo. I-Mars, njengoba ilahlekelwe insimu yayo yomhlaba wonke ezigidini zeminyaka edlule, igcina uzibuthe oyinsalela kwamanye amadwala, okuwuphawu lokuthi kungenzeka yayinendawo okuhlalwa kuyo kakhudlwana esikhathini sayo esidlule.
Vula imibuzo nezinselelo zesayensi kazibuthe
Isayensi ye iplanethi kazibuthe iqhubekela phambili. Imibuzo efana Kungani amaplanethi afanayo ebonisa imilando kazibuthe ehlukene o Yiziphi izimo zokuqala ezivuna ukukhiqizwa komphumela we-dynamo? kusaphenywa. Umthelela wokujikeleza, ukuqanjwa kwangaphakathi nokusebenzisana nomoya welanga kuyizici ezibalulekile zokuqonda ukubukeka noma ukunyamalala kwamasimu.
Ukutadisha ukuthi amandla kazibuthe ahlangana kanjani nesimo sezulu sasemkhathini kanye nomoya welanga kuzoba semqoka ohambweni lwangomuso lwabantu nolwerobhothi oluya eNyangeni, iMars, neVenus. Ukuvikela imisebe kuzoba enye yezinselelo ezinkulu ekuhloleni indawo isikhathi eside.
Ekugcineni, ulwazi lwezinkundla kazibuthe lunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile emlandweni kanye nesimanjemanje semihlaba esizungezile, kanye nokuvikela ubuchwepheshe bethu kanye nezinhlobo zethu siqu ezinseleleni ze-cosmos.