Ukubhekwa komhlabathi nesathelayithi e-United States kubonisa ukuthi amazinga empova aphakeme phakathi nentwasahlobo anesandla ekwandeni kweqhwa nemvula, ngisho nasezingeni lokushisa elingu-15 kuya ku-25 degrees Celsius. Ingabe impova ingaba nomthelela ekwakhekeni kwamafu?
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela Ukuthi impova ikuthinta kanjani ukwakheka kwamafu namaphethini emvula.
Impova noqweqwe
NgokukaDkt. Jan Kretzschmar, umbhali oholayo walolu cwaningo, "imiphumela yaselabhorethri ibonisa ukuthi impova isebenza njenge-ice nucleus, ithinta izinga lokushisa elibandayo lamanzi phakathi kwamafu futhi ibangele ukuna." Uma zingekho lezi zinhlayiya ze-ice nucleating (INPs), amanzi amafu aba yiqhwa kuphela izinga lokushisa elingaphansi -38 degrees Celsius. Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo yashicilelwa ku-Environmental Research Letters.
'Kuphrojekthi ye-Breathing Nature Cluster of Excellence, siphakamise umbuzo wokuthi ngabe lo mphumela ungabonwa yini ngaphandle kwelabhorethri futhi sahlola umthelela wokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nokulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zemvelo kuyo,' kusho omunye umbhali uSolwazi Johannes Quaas, osebenza njengoSolwazi we-Theoretical Meteorology e-Leipzig futhi ongumkhulumeli we-Breathing Nature consortium.
Ukubaluleka kwempova ekwakhekeni kwamafu
Uma sicabangela umongo womhlaba wonke, umthelela wempova ekwakhekeni kweqhwa mancane ngokuqhathaniswa nalawo othuli, isibonelo. Nokho, umthelela wayo mkhulu ngokwezifunda nangesizini ethile. Ikakhulukazi entwasahlobo, impova eningi ikhishwa emkhathini, ifike ezingqimbeni zomoya obandayo.
I-Kretzschmar ichaza ukuthi ngenxa yobukhulu bayo, Impova itholakala kancane emkhathini. 'Ucwaningo lwethu lugqamisa ukubaluleka kwezingcezu zempova ezincane, ezikhiqizwa lapho impova ihlakazeka ngaphansi kwezimo ezinomswakama. Lezi zinhlayiya ezincane ziphikelela emoyeni isikhathi eside futhi, uma zikhona ngobuningi obufanele, zingangena ezingqimbeni ezibandayo zomkhathi, ngaleyo ndlela ziqalise ukwakheka kweqhwa.”
Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kwandisa imiphumela yempova
Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu okubangelwa abantu kushintsha ukuqala kwenkathi yempova, kunwebe ubude bayo futhi kwandise ukugxila kwempova emkhathini. Lawa maphethini kulindeleke ukuthi agqame kakhulu njengoba ikhulunyaka liqhubeka, okungase kuholele ekwenyukeni kukho kokubili imvamisa namandla emvula yendawo.
Olunye uhlangothi lwalolu cwaningo lubhekisela ekubalulekeni kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Izinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo zikhipha impova eningi ngesikhathi esisodwa entwasahlobo ngayinye, okuthonya ukwakheka kwamafu nokugcwala kwezinhlayiya zeqhwa emkhathini. Kubalulekile ukuqhubeka nokuphenya lokhu kusebenzisana ukuze thuthukisa ukuqonda kwendima yempova ekuguquguqukeni kwesimo sezulu futhi uyihlanganise nezibonelo zesimo sezulu ezizayo.
UKretzschmar uthi: "Uma silingisa ngokunembile umthelela wempova nokusebenzelana kwayo nesimo sezulu, singathuthukisa ukunemba kwezibikezelo zethu." Ucwaningo lwenziwe ngokubambisana ne-Institute of Meteorology yaseNyuvesi yaseLeipzig, iLeibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), i-German Centre for Integrated Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig kanye neMax Institute Planck of Biogeochemistry. .
I-condensation nuclei
Nakuba impova ijwayele ukuhlotshaniswa nezinqubo ze-pollination zezitshalo kanye nokungezwani komzimba, nayo idlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhekeni kwamafu. Izinhlamvu zempova, kanye nezinhlayiya zazo (ezaziwa ngokuthi izinhlayiya zempova noma i-SPP), Angasebenza njenge-condensation nuclei, esebenza njengesisekelo sokuthuthukiswa kwamafu eqhwa noma amafu e-cirrus., ezakhiwe ngamanzi acwebezelayo.
Ithimba labacwaningi base-Texas A&M University elihlanganisa u-Brianna Matthews, u-Alyssa Alsante, no-Sarah Brooks bahlole ithonya lokuhlukahluka komswakama ekukhishweni kwempova nezinhlayiyana zempova ze-ryegrass (Lolium sp.) kanye ne-ragweed (Ambrosia trifida). Ngaphezu kwalokho, leli qembu lihlole indima yalezi zinhlayiya ekwakhekeni kwamafu. Imiphumela yocwaningo lwabo yashicilelwa ku Ijenali Yomhlaba Nekhemikhali Yemkhathi we-American Chemical Society.
Ingabe impova iyisici esinomthelela ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu?
Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu okuqhubekayo, okuwumphumela wezenzo zomuntu, kubangela ukwanda kwamazinga okushisa amaphakathi emhlabeni wonke, okubuye kwandise isikhathi sokukhululwa kwempova. Lapho echayeke kumswakama emoyeni, Izinhlamvu zempova zingahle zehle zibe izinhlayiya zempova ezincane ezingaphansi kwe-micron eyodwa.
Kokubili izinhlamvu zempova kanye nezinhlayiya zinamandla okunqwabelana futhi abangele ukwakheka kwamaconsi emkhathini. Lesi simo siholela ekudalweni kwamafu amaningi agcina noma alondoloze izindawo ezigcina amanzi. Nakuba lokhu kugcinwa kwamanzi kungaba nenzuzo ngokubuyisela imisebe yelanga emkhathini, ngaleyo ndlela kube nesandla ekupholiseni koMhlaba., futhi inamandla okuthwebula futhi ikhiphe kabusha ukushisa okuvela ebusweni bomhlaba.
Lesi simo siyingxenye yesistimu yempendulo enenzuzo, eyaziwa ngokuthi impendulo ye-cloud-greenhouse, enikela ekwandeni kokushisa komhlaba.
Ukuhlaziywa kwempova nokumodela isimo sezulu
Ukuze baqonde umthelela womswakamo nomoya kumpova, abacwaningi baqoqa amasampula empova ku-ryegrass ne-ragweed, bewabeka emazingeni ahlukahlukene omswakama womoya kanye nokuqhuma komoya okufushane ngaphakathi kwegumbi elihlome ngokuphelele. Lokhu kulingisa kwaklanyelwe ukukhiqiza kabusha izimo ezitholakala endaweni yemvelo.
Ithimba labacwaningi lihlole inani lama-SPP ahlotshaniswa nokusanhlamvu kwempova ngayinye kanye nekhono lawo le-nucleation. Ngokungalindelekile, ama-SPP alinganiselwe alezi zitshalo abephansi kakhulu kunokuhlola kwangaphambili okubonisiwe; ngokukhethekile, izilinganiso zitholakale ziphakathi kwe-10 ne-100 izikhathi ezinkulu. Lokhu kwehluka emiphumeleni yokuhlola kungase kubangelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwangaphambilini kwamasu anganembe kangako ukuhlakaza impova nokukhiqiza i-SPP.
Abacwaningi bathola ukuthi izinhlamvu zempova eziphelele, kunezinhlayiya zempova eziqinile, zazisebenza kahle kakhulu ekwenzeni lula ukwakheka kwamafu. Amapharamitha abuyekeziwe, kanye nenani lezinhlayiya ezikhishiwe kanye nezinhlamvu zempova, Banamandla okwenza ngcono ukunemba kwezibonelo zesimo sezulu.
