Muva nje, amazwe amaningana abone amadolobha awo ephefumula umoya ongcolile. I-Barcelona noma iMadrid ingezinye zazo, kepha kunjalo China kuyethusa ngokukhethekile. Ngokusho kwe I-World Health Organization (WHO), abantu abangaba ngu-100 000 bayafa unyaka ngamunye Abantu abayizigidi ze-1,6 ngenxa yezimbangela ezihlobene nokungcoliswa komoya. Isimo e-China siya ngokuya sibucayi, ikakhulukazi emadolobheni amakhulu afana ne-Beijing ne-Shanghai, lapho izinga lomoya lingathintwa nje kuphela ukukhishwa kwezimboni kodwa nayizehlakalo zemvelo ezifana nezivunguvungu zothuli, imiphumela yazo ibe nomthelela ngqo empilweni yomphakathi. Ukuze uqonde ukungathi sína kwalesi simo, kubalulekile ukucabangela Umthelela wothuli lwe-Gobi Desert kukhwalithi yomoya e-China.
Ngokuthakazelisayo, izinga lomoya kule ngxenye yomhlaba linqunywa kakhulu uthuli. I-Gobi Desert. Ithimba labacwaningi abavela e- I-Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) futhi we I-Scripps Institution of Oceanography ENyuvesi yaseCalifornia, eSan Diego, kukhonjisiwe ukuthi ukugcwala kothuli oluvela ogwadule lwaseGobi kuthinta kakhulu izinga lomoya empumalanga yeChina. Lo mthelela wothuli lwe-Gobi Desert kukhwalithi yomoya ube yisihloko sezifundo ezimbalwa zakamuva, ezigcizelela ukubaluleka kokuqonda izenzakalo ezifana nalezi ukuze kubhekwane nokungcola nokuqonda kangcono umphumela weziphepho zothuli.
Ngokuba ukutadisha, eyanyatheliswa kumagazini Nature, ososayensi bahlanganisa idatha yomlando namamodeli wekhompyutha. Lapho kuhlaziywa imiphumela, kwatholakala ukuthi i ukunciphisa uthuli lwemvelo okuyinto ethuthwa kusukela Gobi Desert enkabeni nasenyakatho China kubangela ukwanda kwentuthu empumalanga yeChina. Lokhu okutholakele kuyethusa, njengoba kuphakamisa ukuthi uthuli, ngokuvamile olubhekwa njengokungcola, lungase ludlale indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni ukungcoliswa kwemvelo. Ngakho-ke, iba yinto ebalulekile yocwaningo, njengoba kuphawulwe ocwaningweni izingqalasizinda eziluhlaza kanye nomthelela wazo omuhle.
Izinhlayiya zothuli lwasogwadule zisiza ukuphambukisa ukukhanya kwelanga. Lapho kunezinhlayiya ezimbalwa emkhathini, njengoba kuye kwabhalwa eminyakeni yamuva nje, umhlabathi ufudumala ngaphezu kokujwayelekile futhi amanzi ayaphola, okunciphisa izinga lokushisa phakathi kolwandle nomhlaba. Lokhu-ke kubangela ukuthi umoya uphephethe kakhulu, okubangela ukuba umoya unganyakazi, okwandisa ukugcwala kokungcola emkhathini. Ngokusobala, lesi simo, nakuba simele ukuncishiswa kuphela Amakhilomitha angama-0,16 ngehora Ngesivinini somoya, kunomthelela omkhulu esimweni sezulu futhi, ngenxa yalokho, kukhwalithi yomoya empumalanga yeChina, lapho kubhalwe khona izinguquko ezinkulu. Ubudlelwano phakathi kwekhwalithi yomoya nesimo sezulu yindawo edinga ucwaningo olwengeziwe, njengoba kuxoxwe ngakho ku ukufunda ngama-aerosols nesimo sezulu somhlaba.
E-Beijing, isibonelo, impi eqhubekayo yokulwa nokungcola iye yaqhutshwa eminyakeni yamuva nje, ngezinqubomgomo ezihlukahlukene ezisetshenziswayo ukuzama ukunciphisa ukuqina kwesimo. Nokho, impi ibonakala isekude ukuphela. Lolu cwaningo lubalulekile hhayi eShayina kuphela, kodwa kuwo wonke amazwe athinteke ekungcoleni kwe-anthropogenic, njengoba kukhombisa ukuthi zonke izakhi ku-ecosystem zixhumene ngandlela thize. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuqhubeka nokucwaninga umhlaba kanye nemvelo ezingeni lomhlaba wonke, kanye nomthelela empilweni yabantu.
El ngentuthu iye yaba inkinga engathi sína yemvelo ohulumeni okumelwe bayithathe ngokungathi sína. Imiphumela yokungcoliswa komoya iguqulela ezinkingeni ezinkulu zezempilo zomphakathi, ezithinta izinga lokuphila lezakhamuzi. Ngezinye izikhathi, isimo sifinyelela emazingeni abucayi kangangokuthi iziphathimandla kufanele zituse ukuba abantu bahlale ezindlini, ikakhulukazi labo abanezimo zempilo ezivele zikhona, okuyiqiniso elihlobene ngokuqondile nokwanda kwentuthu emadolobheni amakhulu, njengoba kubonakala kwezinye izindawo ezinezinkinga zekhwalithi yomoya.
Ngaphezu kwezinkinga zempilo eziqondile ezibangelwa ukungcola, kunomthelela omkhulu kwezomnotho. Ngokwesibonelo, izivunguvungu zothuli Akugcini nje ngokungcolisa umoya, kodwa futhi kuthinta ezolimo, impilo yomphakathi, kanye nomnotho wendawo jikelele. Imithelela phakathi kwempilo yomphakathi kanye nekhwalithi yomoya icacile, futhi kubalulekile ukuthi kusetshenziswe izinyathelo ezisebenzayo zokubhekana nale nkinga ngokugcwele. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nokuthi lezi zimo zingavela kanjani, ungabonisana nokuthi kanjani amanye amazwe zibhekene nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nemiphumela yako, uma kubhekwa ubudlelwano phakathi kokungcola nempilo.
Kulo mongo, kuye kwenziwa ucwaningo oluhlukahlukene olubonisa ukuthi izivunguvungu zothuli ziya ngokuya ziba ziningi. Ngezansi amanye amaqiniso abalulekile mayelana nesenzakalo sothuli kanye nomthelela walo empilweni nasendaweni ezungezile:
- Iziphepho zothuli e-China zithinta ngaphezu kwalokho Abantu abayizigidi ze-560
- Ukuchayeka ku-fine particulate matter (PM2.5) kulinganiselwa ukuthi kuxhunyaniswe nokungaphezu kwalokho 2.89 million ukufa ngaphambi kwesikhathi ngonyaka emhlabeni wonke
- El 22% kwalokhu kufa ngaphambi kwesikhathi kuhlotshaniswa nokuchayeka othulini oluphuma emoyeni
Ukuze kuliwe nokwanda kogwadule futhi kuncishiswe imiphumela engemihle yezivunguvungu zothuli ezingeni lomoya, iziphathimandla zaseShayina zenze iphrojekthi eyaziwa ngokuthi I-Great Green Wall. Lolu hlelo lokutshala kabusha amahlathi luhlose ukusungula amahlathi emaphethelweni oGwadule lwaseTaklimakan noGobi. Selokhu yasungulwa ngo 1978, okungaphezu kwalokho okutshaliwe 66 billion izihlahla, ngenhloso yokufinyelela 100 billion ngo-2050. Nakuba lo mzamo ubonise imiphumela emihle, izihlahla eziningi ezisencane ziyafa ngaphambi kokuvuthwa, futhi kunokukhathazeka mayelana nokusebenza isikhathi eside kwalolu hlelo. Nokho, impi yokuthuthukisa izinga lomoya iyaqhubeka, okwenza kubaluleke ukuqhubeka nokucwaninga ukutshalwa kabusha kwamahlathi eChina.
Ngaleso sikhathi, idatha evela kumonitha wekhwalithi yomoya wase-China ibonisa ukuthi izindawo ezifana nenyakatho-mpumalanga ye-China ziyahlangabezana ukwanda kwezivunguvungu zothuli. Isibonelo, inzwa ye-MODIS kusathelayithi ye-NASA ye-Aqua ithwebule udeveli owugqinsi othinta izifundazwe zase-China ze-Harbin, Changchun, ne-Shenyang. Phakathi nalezi zenzakalo, izinhlayiya zothuli nezinye izinto ezingcolisayo zandisa kakhulu izinga lokufa kanye nezifo zenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi, okugqamisa isidingo sokungenelela okuqinile.
El ukuwohloka kwezinga lomoya ngenxa yothuli kanye nokunye ukungcola kuye kwaxhunyaniswa nokuvela nokusabalala kwamagciwane athile, okufaka esinye isendlalelo sokukhathazeka esimeni sezempilo yomphakathi. Ukulwa nokungcoliswa komoya akudingi nje kuphela imizamo kahulumeni kodwa futhi nokubamba iqhaza okukhuthele kwezakhamuzi, kanye nokwanda kokuqwashisa ngemiphumela emibi yokungcola empilweni. Ngalo mqondo, i- imimoya ingadlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlakazweni kwezinhlayiya zothuli kanye nomthelela wazo kukhwalithi yomoya.
Abacwaningi bayaqhubeka nokuhlola ukuthi uthuli lusebenzisana kanjani nama-aerosol enziwe abantu nokuthi lolu lwazi lungasetshenziswa kanjani ukuze kuncishiswe imithelela emibi yokungcoliswa komhlaba. Esinye sezici ezithakazelisa kakhulu esiye savela ukuthi ukungabi khona kothuli kungenza umoya esiwuphefumulayo, ngokumangazayo, kubi kakhulu empilweni yakho. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukugxilwa kwezinto ezingcolisa umoya kungakhula lapho uthuli lungekho, okuholela emoyeni onobuthi. Lokhu okutholakele kugqamisa isidingo sokucwaninga ukusebenzisana kwezinto ezihlukahlukene, njengokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu nothuli, kukhwalithi yomoya kanye nobudlelwano bawo nempilo yomphakathi.
Njengoba umhlaba uqhubeka nokubhekana nezinselele ezikhulayo zemvelo, kubalulekile ukubhekana nekhwalithi yomoya ngayo yonke indlela okungenzeka ngayo. Ukulawulwa okusimeme kwemithombo yamanzi nomhlaba, kanye nokutshalwa kabusha kwamahlathi, kubalulekile ekuvimbeleni imiphumela yesikhathi eside yokungcoliswa komoya empilweni yomphakathi kanye nemvelo. Ekusesheni izisombululo, ukuqonda ukuthi uthuli, umoya, nesisi esikhishwa abantu sisebenzisana kanjani kuba yindawo ebalulekile yocwaningo, njengoba kuxoxiwe ezifundweni ezimbalwa ezihlobene.
UKen D. Allen, umcwaningi we- Isikhungo Sesayensi Yomkhathi, iphawula ukuthi lezi zifundo zinikeza ukuqonda okungcono kokuguquguquka kwemvelo okuthinta ikhwalithi yomoya futhi, ekugcineni, ukuthi ukungenelela komuntu kungathinta kanjani lezo zinhlelo. Njengoba sidlulela esikhathini esizayo, ukusebenzisana komhlaba wonke kanye nokubambisana kocwaningo kuzobaluleka ukuze sinqobe lezi zinselele futhi sivikele kokubili imvelo yethu nempilo yabantu emhlabeni jikelele. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe ngalolu hlobo lokusebenzelana nomthelela walo, ungathintana nezifundo Izinguzunga zeqhwa zaseChina kanye nobudlelwano bayo nesimo sezulu, nakho okuhlobene nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
Iziphathimandla kulindeleke ukuthi ziqhubeke nokusebenzisa izinyathelo ezisebenzayo zokunciphisa umthelela weziphepho zothuli nokungcoliswa komoya. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, imizamo ebumbene yokubhekana nalezi zinkinga ingaholela ekuthuthukisweni kwezinga lempilo ezigidini zabantu abathintwe ukungcoliswa komoya eChina nasemhlabeni jikelele.
