I-athomu iyiyunithi eyisisekelo yento futhi iyingxenyana encane kakhulu ekwazi ukuhlonza isakhi samakhemikhali. Iqukethe i-nucleus ye-athomu equkethe ama-neutron nama-proton, nama-electron azungeze i-nucleus. Igama elithi athomu lisuselwa kwelesiGrikhi futhi lisho ukungahlukaniseki. Nokho, abantu abaningi abazi kahle Yini i-athomu noma yiziphi izici zayo.
Ngakho-ke, sizonikezela lesi sihloko ukuze sikutshele ukuthi iyini i-athomu, izici zayo nokubaluleka kwayo.
Yini i-athomu
Ama-athomu aqukethe ingxenye emaphakathi ebizwa ngokuthi i-nucleus, lapho ama-proton (izinhlayiya ezishajwe kahle) kanye nama-neutron (izinhlayiya ezingathathi hlangothi ngogesi) zihlala. Isifunda esizungeza i-nucleus sigcwele ama-electron (izinhlayiya ezinegatively charged); lesi sifunda sibizwa ngokuthi ungqimba lukagesi. Igobolondo likagesi (elishajwe kabi) kanye nomgogodla (okushajwe kahle) kubanjwe ndawonye ukukhangwa kukagesi.
Isilinganiso sobubanzi be-athomu singamamitha ayi-10-10, futhi ububanzi obujwayelekile be-nucleus bungamamitha ayi-10-15; ngakho, i-athomu inobubanzi obuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-10.000 100.000 kuya kweziyi-XNUMX XNUMX kune-nucleus yayo. Isibonelo, uma i-athomu ilingana nenkundla yebhola, i-nucleus izolingana nebhola emaphakathi nenkundla. Uma i-athomu ingamamitha angu-100 ububanzi, i-nucleus yayo iyisentimitha elingu-1 ububanzi. Ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nokuthi udaba lwakhiwa kanjani esihlokweni sethu esithi izinto eziphilayo kanye ne-inorganic.
Umlando othile
Isazi sefilosofi esingumGreki u-Aristotle (384 BC - 322 BC) sazama ukuchaza ukwakheka kwazo zonke izinto ezivela ezakhiweni: umhlaba, umoya, umlilo namanzi. UDemocritus (546 BC - 460 BC) wayengusosayensi ongumGreki nesazi sezibalo owaphakamisa umbono wokuthi kunomkhawulo kusayizi wezinhlayiya. Lezi zinhlayiya ziba zincane kangangokuthi azikwazi ukuhlukaniswa, esho. Wabiza izinhlayiya ezinjalo ngokuthi "ama-athomu."
Engxenyeni enkulu yekhulu le-XNUMX, kwakuyimodeli ye-athomu kasosayensi waseBrithani uDalton owaphakamisa inkolelo-mbono ye-athomu, eyayingaphezu kokucabanga kwabantu basendulo ngaleso sikhathi.
Lo mbono uthi Zonke izinto zakhiwe izinhlayiya ezincane ezingahlukaniseki ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-athomu. Ucwaningo lwakamuva luthole ukuthi ama-athomu akhiwe ezinye izinhlayiya ezincane ezibizwa ngokuthi izinhlayiya ze-subatomic.
Ngokomlando, amathiyori ahlukene e-athomu ekubunjweni kwendaba athuthukisiwe ngaphambi kokuba kutholakale ulwazi lwamanje ngesakhiwo se-athomu. Ngokusekelwe kumbono we-athomu, Ososayensi bebelokhu bekhombisa amamodeli avela kancane kancane ama-athomu.
Imodeli yokuqala eyahlongozwa uJohn Dalton yathuthukiswa yaba imodeli ye-athomu kaNiels Bohr. U-Bohr uhlongoze imodeli efana kakhulu nemodeli yamanje yama-electron azungeza i-nucleus. Lokhu kuziphendukela kwemvelo kumamodeli e-athomu kuyathakazelisa njengokwakheka kwezinye izenzakalo, njengokuthi izibani zasenyakatho.
isakhiwo se-athomu
Ama-athomu akhiwa izinhlayiya ezincane ezibizwa ngokuthi izinhlayiya ze-subatomic: ama-electron, ama-proton, nama-neutron. Iningi lesisindo se-athomu ligxile ku-nucleus. Futhi umthamo wawo omkhulu kunawo wonke usegobolondweni likagesi lapho kutholakala khona ama-electron.
Ama-electron, ama-proton nama-neutron
Ama-electron ashajwa kabi futhi cishe awanayo inqwaba. Ubukhulu bayo buphindwe izikhathi ezingu-1840 kunenucleus ye-athomu.. Ziyizinhlayiya ezincane ezizungeza i-nucleus emaphakathi ye-athomu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ahamba ngokushesha ezungeze i-nucleus ekhiqiza insimu ye-electromagnetic.
I-proton ineshaji efanayo nenkokhelo ye-electron enani eliphelele, ngakho-ke ama-proton nama-electron kuvame ukuhehana. Lezi zakha iyunithi yesisindo futhi kanye ne-neutron zakha i-nucleus ye-athomu.
I-Neutron ayinayo imali, okungukuthi, inecala elingathathi hlangothi. Kanye nama-protons, yakha i-nucleus futhi imele cishe bonke ubunzima (99,9%) be-athomu. Ama-Neutron ahlinzeka ngokuqina ku-nucleus.
Ama-athomu anezinga lamandla, amagobolondo ayisikhombisa azungeze i-nucleus lapho kunama-electron azungeza i-nucleus. Amagobolondo aqanjwa ngokuthi K, L, M, N, O, P, kanye no-Q. Igobolondo ngalinye lingabamba inombolo elinganiselwe yama-electron: ama-electron ayisishiyagalombili igobolondo ngalinye. Ungqimba olungaphandle luhlala luguquguquka kakhulu. I-athomu ye-hydrogen kuphela engenawo ama-neutron futhi i-electron eyodwa kuphela ezungeza iphrothoni. Lokhu kuphambene nobunkimbinkimbi bezinye izakhi, njenge-uranium, ukubaluleka kwazo kuboniswe esihlokweni sethu esithi isimo Uranus.
izici zamakhemikhali
Kumakhemikhali, ama-athomu angamayunithi ayisisekelo avame ukugcina izakhiwo zawo zangempela kukho konke ukusabela. Azibhujiswa noma zidalwe, zivele zihlelwe ngezindlela ezihlukene ngoxhumano oluhlukene phakathi kwazo.
Ama-athomu ahlangana ndawonye ukuze akhe ama-molecule nezinye izinhlobo zezinto. Amabhondi adalwe ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali anokwakheka okuthile okuhlukanisa izakhi zamakhemikhali ezihlukene. Lezi zici yilezo ezivela kuthebula le-periodic lezinto.
Ngayinye yalezi zakhi inama-proton amaningi ku-nucleus. Le nombolo ibizwa ngokuthi inombolo ye-athomu futhi ichazwa ngohlamvu u-Z. Wonke ama-athomu anenani elifanayo lama-proton ayingxenye efanayo futhi anezakhi zamakhemikhali ezifanayo nakuba ehlukene ngamakhemikhali.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, sithola inombolo yenqwaba, echazwa ngohlamvu A. Le nombolo ibhekisela enanini lama-nucleon akhona ku-athomu. Olunye uhlobo lwe-athomu esingaluthola, futhi esazi kangcono, i-isotope. Lawa ma-athomu anenani elifanayo lama-proton kodwa izinombolo ezihlukene zama-neutron. Zinezinto ezifanayo zamakhemikhali nakuba izakhiwo zazo ezingokwenyama zihlukile komunye nomunye.
Njengoba siphawulile ngaphambili, ama-isotopes abaluleke kakhulu. Futhi zibalulekile emandleni enuzi ngoba ukunothiswa kwe-uranium kuhilela ukuguqula isotopu eyodwa ye-uranium ibe enye enesakhiwo samakhemikhali esingazinzile, okusivumela ukuba sibe nokusabela kweketango. Lokhu kuhlobene nezimiso ze-physics ezithonya izenzakalo zemvelo, ezihlolisiswe esihlokweni sethu esithi Amandla kazibuthe omhlaba.
Ama-propiedades
Izici ezichaza i-athomu yilezi:
- Inombolo ye-athomu (Z) ebonisa inani lamaphrothoni ku-nucleus. Wonke ama-athomu anenani elifanayo lama-proton ayingxenye ye-elementi efanayo. Isibonelo, i-athomu ye-hydrogen ene-proton eyodwa kuphela.
- Inombolo yesisindo isho isamba samaphrothoni nama-neutron.. Ama-elementi anezinombolo ezihlukene zama-neutron ama-isotopi ahlukene e-elementi efanayo.
- i-electronegativity Kuwukuthambekela kwama-athomu ukuheha ama-electron lapho enza izibopho zamakhemikhali.
- irediyasi ye-athomu Ihambisana nengxenye yebanga phakathi kwama-nuclei amabili ahlanganisiwe we-elementi efanayo.
- amandla e-ionization Kungamandla adingekayo ukuze kukhishwe i-electron entweni.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nokuthi iyini i-athomu nezici zayo.
KUHLE KAKHULU
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