I-Uranus, iplanethi yesikhombisa esimisweni sonozungezilanga, ingenye yezindikimba zasezulwini eziyimfihlakalo nezithakazelisa kakhulu ezizungeza iLanga. Naphezu kobukhulu bayo obukhulu, obufana nobeNeptune, kanye nezici zayo ezihlukile zomkhathi, lisalokhu lingelinye lamaplanethi angahlolisiswa kakhulu esimiso sonozungezilanga. Ukutsheka kwayo okune-axial okwedlulele, amazinga okushisa abandayo, kanye nokwakheka komkhathi okuhlukile kuyenza ibe into eyinhloko yokufunda ukuze kuqondwe izinqubo zeplanethi ezidlulele.
Kusukela ekutholakaleni kwayo ekhulwini le-18 kuya ekubonweni kwakamuva ngezibonakude ezisekelwe phansi kanye nama-probes asemkhathini, i-Uranus ikudelele lokho ebesikulindele. Hlanganyela nathi kulolu hambo olubanzi lwakho konke okwaziwayo mayelana ne- Isimo sezulu sase-Uranus, izindandatho zayo, izinyanga, umlando, ukwakheka kanye nezinto eziningi ezithokozisayo eziyenza ihluke. Uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe iplanethi i-Uranus, qhubeka ufunda.
Wakheka kanjani umoya we-Uranus?
Umkhathi we-Uranus ungomunye wezindawo ezibanda kakhulu esimisweni sonozungezilanga., amazinga okushisa afinyelela ku -224º C. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali ayo kufana nokufana namaplanethi anjengeJupiter noma iSaturn, nakuba kunomehluko obalulekile owunikeza ubuntu obuyingqayizivele.
Ikakhulukazi yakhiwe i-hydrogen (cishe 82%) y i-helium (15%), ngaphezu kwalokho iphesenti elincane le-methane (2,3%). Le nhlanganisela yokugcina iyathakazelisa ngokukhethekile, njengoba inesibopho sombala wayo ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka-oluhlaza. I-methane ekhona ezingqimbeni ezingaphezulu zomkhathi imunca ukukhanya okubomvu okuvela eLangeni futhi ibonise okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ikhiqize lowo mbala othile.
Ngaphezu kwalezi zingxenye, ososayensi baye babona Imikhondo yama-hydrocarbons afana ne-ethane, i-acetylene, i-methylacetylene ne-polyacetylene, eyakhiwe isenzo semisebe ye-ultraviolet yelanga ku-methane. Amanani amancane amanye ama-compounds nawo atholakale njenge umhwamuko wamanzi, isikhutha, i-carbon monoxide, i-ammonia, ne-hydrogen sulfide. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nokusesha amanzi kwezinye izindikimba zasezulwini, ungabona isihloko amanzi kwamanye amaplanethi namasathelayithi.
Izingqimba zomkhathi zalesi sikhondlakhondla seqhwa
Njengamanye amaplanethi anesimo sezulu esithuthukile, I-Uranus inezendlalelo eziningi zomkhathi ezihlukaniswa ngokuqanjwa kwazo, amazinga okushisa nemisebenzi ngaphakathi kwesistimu yomhlaba wonke yeplanethi.
1. I-Troposphere: Iwungqimba oluphansi kakhulu futhi lapho ubuningi bomkhathi bugxile khona. Isuka endaweni ephakeme engalungile (ngenxa yokuntuleka kwendawo eqinile) iye cishe ku-50 km. Kulesi sendlalelo, amazinga okushisa ayahluka phakathi -153 ºC kanye -218 ºC. Nawa amafu amakhulu eplanethi, ahlelwe ngamaleveli ngokuya ngokubunjwa kwawo:
- Amafu amanzi (okujulile)
- Amafu e-Ammonium hydrosulfide
- Amafu e-ammonia ne-hydrogen sulfide
- Amafu e-methane aphezulu (phezulu)
2. I-Stratosphere: Itholakala ngaphezu kwe-troposphere, itholakala phakathi kuka-50 no-4000 km ukuphakama. Kule ndawo amazinga okushisa aqala ukwenyuka ngenxa yokumuncwa kwemisebe yelanga. Iqukethe ama-hydrocarbon afana i-ethane ne-acetylene, ezakhiwe nge-methane ezinqubweni ze-photochemical.
3. I-Thermosphere: Iwungqimba olwaziwa kakhulu, lapho izinga lokushisa lingedlula khona I-800 K. Lesi sigameko sisaxaka izazi zezinkanyezi, njengoba i-Uranus ithola amandla elanga amancane kakhulu ngenxa yokuba kude kwayo.
4. I-Corona noma i-exosphere: Lolu ungqimba ludlulela emkhathini futhi luminyene ngendlela ehlukile kuma-athomu e-hydrogen amahhala. Isandiso saso siyafinyelela kuze kufike ku-50.000 km ngaphezu komhlaba, futhi iwukhiye ekusebenzelaneni kuka-Uranus nomoya welanga. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nomoya welanga, sincoma isihloko esithi umoya welanga.
Ukutsheka kwe-axial okwedlulele kakhulu ohlelweni lwelanga
Esinye sezici eziphawuleka kakhulu ze-Uranus yilo i-axial tilt engu-97,77 degrees. Lokhu kusho ukuthi iplanethi izungeza "ilele phansi" e-eksisi yayo, ibheke eceleni kwendiza lapho amanye amaplanethi azungeza khona.
Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi lokhu kutsheka okungajwayelekile kungenzeka kubangelwe a umthelela omkhulu ngento elingana noMhlaba ezigabeni zayo zokuqala zokubunjwa. Lokhu kuqondiswa kwenza i-Uranus ibe nayo izinkathi eziyingozi kakhulu ohlelweni sonozungezilanga: Isigxobo ngasinye sihlala sichayeke ekukhanyeni kwelanga iminyaka engu-42 ilandelana, kuyilapho enye ingxenye icwiliswa ngobusuku obulinganayo ubude.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi naphezu kokuthola imisebe eyengeziwe, Izigxobo zingabanda kunenkabazwe, okubonisa ukujikeleza komkhathi okuyinkimbinkimbi okungakaqondwa ngokugcwele. Kulabo abathanda izenzakalo ezifanayo, ungabonisana kanjani izibani zasenyakatho ifomu.
Isimo sezulu esibi kakhulu sase-Uranus
Umkhathi we-Uranus awubonakali nje kuphela ngokubunjwa kwawo, kodwa nangenxa yawo i-meteorological dynamics. Kucatshangwa ukuthi iyiplanethi ethule kancane amashumi eminyaka, okuphawulwe kamuva nje kwembula umhlaba osebenzayo, nge imimoya enamandla, amafu, iziphepho kanye nokunyakaza okumangalisayo komkhathi.
Imimoya ingafinyelela isivinini kufika ku-900km/h. Enkabazwe, le mimoya ivunguza ibheke emuva (ephikisana nokuzungeza kweplanethi), kuyilapho ezindaweni ezipholile ivunguza iqonde ngqo, ikhiqize iphethini engavamile yokujikeleza. Maqondana namanye amaplanethi esimiso sethu sonozungezilanga, kuyathakazelisa ukwazi ukuthi i-Uranus ihlobana kanjani neNeptune, iplanethi eyaziwa nangokuthi isimo sezulu esinesiyaluyalu, ongafunda kabanzi ngayo esihlokweni sethu Neptune.
I-Las amafu e-methane Emkhathini ongaphezulu zikhanya ngokukhethekile futhi ziyaguquguquka. Sebetholakele izakhiwo ezinkulu ezinjengesiphepho eziguquka ngokushesha, ikakhulukazi phakathi nezikhathi ze-equinox. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eminyakeni yamuva kuye kwaphawulwa ukwanda komsebenzi womkhathi, okuye kwaholela ochwepheshe ukuba babikezele izenzakalo ezinobudlova obuningi njengoba i-solstice elandelayo isondela.
Izindandatho ze-Uranus: uhlelo olungaziwa kancane
Uranus unayo 13 izindandatho ezaziwayo. Nakuba ingakhanyi kakhulu kunekaSaturn, la masongo aveza uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi, olwakhiwe izakhiwo zangaphakathi ezincane kakhulu, ezimnyama kanye nezinye ezingaphandle ezinemibala egqame kakhulu.
Batholwa ngengozi ngo-1977 ngesikhathi sokulumba kwezinkanyezi. Uphenyo ke I-Voyager 2 kanye neHubble Space Telescope yavumela izindandatho ezintsha ukuthi zikhonjwe, kuhlanganise nezinye ezimbili zangaphandle ezaziwa ngokuthi μ futhi ν. Kukholakala ukuthi lezi zindandatho kungenzeka ukuthi zakhiwe ngenxa yokushayisana kwamasathelayithi asendulo ahlakazwa imithelela.
Indandatho ekhanyayo kakhulu yi- epsilon, futhi eziningi zazo zingamakhilomitha ambalwa kuphela ububanzi. Ukwakheka kwawo kusekelwe ezinhlayiyeni zeqhwa nezintuli, kanti ezinye zinemibala ebomvu noma eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, okungenzeka ihlobane nokusebenzelana nezinyanga eziseduze. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana namasathelayithi amaplanethi, ungabheka ukuthi zingaki izinyanga amaplanethi ohlelweni sonozungezilanga anazo esihlokweni mayelana izinyanga zamaplanethi.
Iqoqo lezinyanga ezinamagama emibhalo
Kuze kube manje, okulandelayo kukhonjiwe: Izinyanga ezingama-27 ezizungeze i-Uranus. Ngokungafani namanye amaplanethi, avame ukuqanjwa ngezibalo zezinganekwane, amasathelayithi ka-Uranus aqanjwa ngawo abalingiswa abavela emisebenzini kaWilliam Shakespeare no-Alexander Pope.
Amasathelayithi amahlanu ayinhloko yilawa: Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania kanye no-Oberon. Ngamunye wabo unikeza indawo eyingqayizivele, enemihosha, ama-crater, izigodi, nezakhiwo ezimangalisayo ze-geological.
Miranda, ngokwesibonelo, yaziwa ngegeography yayo ehlukahlukene, efana nequilt ecishiwe. Ariel Inobuso obukhanyayo nobuncane kunabo bonke, kuyilapho isambulela Imnyama futhi indala ngokubukeka. Uma ufuna amaqiniso athakazelisayo mayelana nesimiso sonozungezilanga, ungaphuthelwa isihloko sethu ilukuluku lesimiso sonozungezilanga.
Ukuhlolwa kwe-Uranus kuze kube manje
Kuze kube manje, Uphenyo kuphela oluvakashele i-Uranus kube yiVoyager 2. Lo mkhumbi-mkhathi weNASA wandiza kule planethi ngo-January 24, 1986, usinika izithombe zokuqala ezinemininingwane yomkhathi wawo, izinyanga, nezindandatho.
Phakathi nokudlula kwayo kafushane, i-Voyager 2 ithole okudidayo endaweni kazibuthe, yathola izinyanga ezintsha ezingu-10, izindandatho ezimbalwa ezazingaziwa ngaphambilini, futhi yathatha ukufundwa komkhathi okusaqhubeka nokuhlaziywa namuhla. Kulabo abathanda ukutholwa okwenziwa amanye ama-probe, sikumema ukuthi ufunde kabanzi mayelana iVoyager iyaphenya.
Yize bekungasekho ohambweni oluqondile oluya e-Uranus kusukela lapho, amaphrojekthi afana ne I-Uranus Orbiter ne-Probe (UOP), i-probe engase yethulwe ngeminyaka yawo-2030s ngenhloso yokutadisha iplanethi ngokujulile, ukuqhuba ama-flybys ezinyanga zayo, kanye nokubeka i-capsule emkhathini wayo.
Ilukuluku mayelana no-Uranus ezizokumangaza
- Yiplanethi enomoya obanda kakhulu esimisweni sonozungezilanga, efinyelela amazinga okushisa aphansi kunalawo aseNeptune.
- Umbala wayo ubangelwa i-methane, kodwa akufani konke okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka: iringi yangaphandle nayo iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngenxa yezinhlayiya eziyiqambayo.
- I-axis yayo yokujikeleza itshekile kakhulu ukuthi izinkathi zabo zonyaka zihlala iminyaka engu-21 yomhlaba ku-hemisphere ngayinye.
- Kwakuyiplanethi yokuqala eyatholwa ngesibonakudeUWilliam Herschel wayibona ngo-1781, ekholelwa ukuthi iyinkanyezi enomsila.
- Amagama ezinyanga zawo agqugquzelwa yizincwadi, esikhundleni sezinganekwane zakudala njengoba kwenzeka kwamanye amaplanethi.
I-Uranus ngezibalo
- Ibanga elimaphakathi ukuya eLangeni: 2.870.658.186 km
- Ubude bosuku: 17 amahora nemizuzu engama-14
- Ubude bonyaka: Iminyaka engu-84 yomhlaba
- Isivinini se-Escape: I-21,3 km / h
- Amandla adonsela phansi: 8,69 m / s²
- IMisa: 8.686 × 10^25 kg (14,5 izikhathi zoMhlaba)
- Inombolo yezindandatho: 13
- Inombolo yezinyanga: 27
I-Uranus iyizwe elikhulu, elingaqondakali futhi eliyinqaba elisaphethe izimfihlo eziningi. Umkhathi wayo oneqhwa, oyinkimbinkimbi, ukutsheka okwedlulele, izinyanga zezinkanyezi, namandla okuguquguquka okungajwayelekile kuyenza ibe ilabhorethri yemvelo yokuqonda ukweqisa kwesimiso sonozungezilanga. Nakuba iye yavakashelwa kanye kuphela umkhumbi-mkhathi, isithakazelo esikhulayo sesayensi sisikisela lokho I-Uranus ingase ibuye maduze ekukhanyeni kwemishini yesikhathi esizayo ye-interplanetary.