Ngo-1879, omunye wososayensi abaphambili emhlabeni wazalelwa e-Ulm. Ingabe mayelana Albert Einstein. Ngekhulu le-17 u-Isaac Newton wayechazile imithetho elawula ukuhamba kwemizimba nezinkanyezi. Lokhu kwasiza ekuhlanganiseni i- physics yasemhlabeni ne- physics yasezulwini. Ngale ndlela, iningi lemishini kuze kufike emhlabeni wangaleso sikhathi yaziwa. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, kwakunezenzakalo eziningi ze-physics ezazingenakuchazwa yizimfundiso zikaNewton. Ngakho-ke, u-Albert Einstein kwadingeka anqobe zonke izithiyo ze-physics futhi wadala i-paradigm entsha: inkolelo-mbono yokuhlobana.
Kule ndatshana sizokutshela yonke i-biography nezenzo zika-Albert Einstein nokubaluleka kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo njengesiqalo se-physics yanamuhla.
Umlando ka-Albert Einstein
Imodeli echazayo ka-Albert Einstein isuswe kukho konke ukuqonda. Lokho ukusho ukuthi, lo mbono umake futhi wabonisa ukuqala kwesehlukaniso phakathi kwabantu abavamile nesayensi eqhubeka ngokukhethekile futhi engaqondakali. Kodwa-ke, noma ngabe kusaphila le physicist noma ngemuva, izici eziningi zobudlelwano obabumangaza futhi bungaqondakali ngaleso sikhathi ziqinisekisiwe. Lesi ngesinye sezizathu esenza u-Albert Einstein abe ngomunye wososayensi abadume kakhulu nabathandekayo emlandweni wonke wesayensi.
Okugqame kakhulu ngokutholwa kwalo sosayensi ukuthi yonke imibono yakhe ebingacabangeki konke bekuyiqiniso. Esinye sazo, isibonelo, ukuthi isisindo somzimba sikhuphuka ngesivinini. Nokho, lo mlingiswa odumile wayengumfundi ompofu ebusheni bakhe. Eseyingane, wayeyingane ethule futhi ezicabangela yona futhi enobuhlakani obuncane bokuthuthuka. Lapho esekhulile, u-Einstein ngokwakhe wathi konke lokhu kuhamba kancane ekudalweni kwenkolelo-mbono yokuhlobana ngokwayo. Okusho ukuthi, ngokusho kwakhe, abantu abaningi baqala ukucabangela izinkinga zesikhala nesikhathi lapho besebasha. Ngenxa yokukhula kwakhe kancane, akazange aqale ukungabaza isikhathi somkhathi waze waba mdala. Le mibuzo yayiwumsuka wethiyori yokuhlobana.
Kakade ngo-1894, wonke umndeni wakhe wabhekana nezinkinga zezimali, okwabaphoqa ukuba bathuthele eMilan. U-Einstein wahlala eMunich ukuze aqedele imfundo yakhe yesibili. Wayenamadodana amaningana okuthiwa u-Hans Albert no-Eduard, abazalwa ngokulandelana ngo-1904 no-1910. U-Einstein kamuva wahlukanisa nomlingani wakhe waphinde washada nomzala wakhe u-Elsa.
Umbono wokuhlobana
Washicilela izincwadi ezi-5 ngo-1905. Esinye sazo sasetshenziselwa ukuthola iziqu zobudokotela eNyuvesi yaseZurich kanti ezinye ezi-4 ezazizogcina zenze ushintsho olukhulu emfanekisweni onikezwa isayensi yendawo yonke. Futhi ukuthi le misebenzi inikeze incazelo yombono ngokwezibalo zesiphakamiso seBrownian. Banikeze nencazelo ngomphumela we-photoelectric. Ngalokhu, kwakususelwa kumcabango wokuthi ukukhanya kwenziwa nge-quanta ngayinye. Ku-physics yamuva lezi quanta zabizwa ngokuthi ama-photon.
Imisebenzi emibili esele yileyo eyabeka izisekelo zemfundiso yokuhlobana. Kule mbono, ukufana phakathi kwamandla enani elithile lendaba nobukhulu bayo kuyasungulwa. Lesi yisibalo esidumile u-E = mc². Njengoba umsebenzi wabo kanye nocwaningo lwabo lwalunomzamo omkhulu emuva kwawo, kubangele ukuthi bababeke phakathi kwezazi zefiziksi ezivelele kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Kamuva lapho ukwamukelwa komphakathi kweqiniso kufinyelela ku-Albert Einstein futhi yilokho Wanikezwa iNobel Prize in Physics, ayithola ngo-1921.
Ithiyori yokuhlobana izama ukuchaza okunye okudidayo kumqondo wokunyakaza okuhlobene. Kodwa-ke, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuvela kwalo mbono kuye kwaba yisisekelo sesayensi yemvelo. Kubuye kube yinkomba eyinhloko esiza ukukhombisa ubunye obubalulekile bento namandla, indawo nesikhathi, nokulingana phakathi kwamandla adonsela phansi kanye nemiphumela yokusheshisa ohlelweni.
Le mbono yayinezindlela ezimbili ezihlukile. Owokuqala wawaziwa ngokuthi yi-theory ekhethekile yokuhlobana futhi usebenzelana nazo zonke lezo zinhlelo hamba isihlobo komunye nomunye ngejubane eliqhubekayo. Omunye wabizwa ngokuthi yi-theory of relativity jikelele futhi unesibopho sokuchaza lezo amasistimu ahamba ngesivinini esiguquguqukayo. Kungalesi sivinini esishintshashintshayo lapho kwethulwa khona ukusheshisa.
Umbono wokuhlanganisa ka-Albert Einstein
Kuyaziwa ukuthi kwimithetho ye-physics iyadingeka engahlanganisa zonke izincazelo zazo zombili izinhlelo ngokunyakaza okuzinzile manje okungazinzile. Ngalesi sizathu, wonke umsebenzi ka-Albert Einstein wagxila ekupheleliseni umbono ojwayelekile wokuhlobana. Isisekelo esiyinhloko salo mbono ukuthi Amandla adonsela phansi akuwona amandla, kodwa inkambu edalwa ukuba khona kwenqwaba ekuqhubekeni kwesikhathi sesikhala.
Kamuva, ngo-1919, udumo lwakhe emhlabeni wonke lwakhula, kwamphoqa ukuthi anikeze izinkulumo eziningi zokufinyelela emhlabeni jikelele. Isithombe sakhe siphinde saduma njengomunye wabagibeli besitimela besigaba sesithathu. Wayedume ngokuhamba yonke indawo ephethe i-violin ekhwapheni. Futhi enye yezinto ayezilibazisa ngazo kwakuwukudlala ivayolini.
Yonke imizamo ka-Albert Einstein kule minyaka eyishumi ezayo ibigxile ekutholeni ubudlelwane bezibalo phakathi kwe-electromagnetism nokuheha amandla adonsela phansi. Inhloso enkulu ka-Einstein thola imithetho ejwayelekile obekufanele itholwe ngokuziphatha kwazo zonke izinto endaweni yonke. Futhi ukuthi wayecabanga ukuthi kunomthetho owawuthi ukusebenza kwazo zonke izinto, noma ngabe kungaba yi-physics yasemhlabeni noma i-physics yasezulwini. Zonke lezi zimilo zokuziphatha bekufanele ziqoqelwe emfundisweni eyodwa yensimu ebumbene.
Lo sosayensi wake wathi ezombangazwe zinenani lesikhashana, kuyilapho isibalo sisebenza phakade. Lokhu kwaba umphumela wobunzima ayenabo bokushiya iJalimane aye e-United States ngenxa yokungena kukaHitler embusweni ngo-1933. Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe, umunyu wokungaphumeleli endleleni ayezoveza ngayo esintwini imfihlo yokuziphatha kwezinto kwabangela ukuba impilo yakhe ibe nzima kakhulu.
Ngemuva kokuqhuma kweNagasaki neHiroshima kuqede iMpi Yesibili Yomhlaba, u-Einstein wahlanganisa bonke ososayensi ukuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwebhomu ngokuzayo futhi waphakamisa ukwakhiwa kukahulumeni womhlaba ovela kwiZizwe Ezihlangene.