Kwabaningi, izindabazingi Zimelela enye yezinsongo eziyinhloko esintwini, ngisho nangaphezu kokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Amandla abo okubhubhisa anamandla kangangokuthi angaqeda ukuphila njengoba sikwazi ezinsukwini ezimbalwa. Kodwa-ke, qiniseka: nakuba kukhona cishe izintaba-mlilo ezinkulu ezingamashumi amabili eMhlabeni, akukho okufanele kubhekwe njengokukhathazayo ngalesi sikhathi, ngisho ne-Yellowstone supervolcano edumile.
Izintaba-mlilo ezinkulu Ziyizakhiwo ezihehayo zokuma komhlaba ezishiye uphawu olungacimeki emlandweni weplanethi. Lezi ziqhwaga ezilele azigcini nje ngokuthakazelisa kakhulu ngokwesayensi ngamandla azo okucekela phansi, kodwa futhi nolwazi olunikezayo ngomlando woMhlaba kanye nokuvela kwemvelo yawo.
Ukuqhuma kokugcina kwe-Yellowstone supervolcano kwenzeka eminyakeni engaba ngu-640,000 edlule, iqiniso elibonakala limangalisa, akunjalo? Umlando wayo awugcini kulokhu kuqhuma kokugcina; ukuqhuma okudala kakhulu kwaqoshwa eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-2 edlule, isibalo esihlaba umxhwele ngempela uma sicabangela izikali zesikhathi sokuma komhlaba. Kodwa umphakathi wesayensi uyichaza kanjani i-supervolcano?
Un intabamlilo enkulu Ibonakala ngokuba negumbi le-magma elikhulu ngokuphindwe ngezinkulungwane kunalelo lentaba-mlilo evamile evamile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi, lapho ivuka, ukuqhuma kwayo kuzoba kubi kakhulu, okungase kuxoshe izinkulungwane zama-cubic kilometers wezinto ezibonakalayo emkhathini, okungashintsha kakhulu indawo nesimo sezulu sezifunda ezizungezile. Isibonelo, ukuqhuma kwakamuva kwe-Yellowstone kukholakala ukuthi kubangele i-Ice Age yokugcina.
Njengoba sesishilo, iYellowstone ingenye nje yezintaba-mlilo eziningana emhlabeni. Ezinye izibonelo ezibalulekile zihlanganisa:
- ILake Toba (Sumatra, Indonesia)
- Isifunda sentaba-mlilo iTaupo (New Zealand)
- I-Garita Caldera (Colorado, USA)
- I-Caldera de La Pacana (eChile)
- I-Caldera Aira (Japan)
Naphezu kwamandla ako okubhubhisa, akukho ukuqhuma okuphawulekayo okwamanje okulindelekile esikhathini esizayo esiseduze. Kodwa-ke, bayaqhubeka nokuba yisihloko socwaningo lomphakathi wesayensi, uma kubhekwa umthelela wabo ongaba khona emhlabeni jikelele.
Yini ama-supervolcanoes?
I-supervolcano i-volcanic caldera ekhiqize ukuqhuma ngevolumu ye-ejecta engaphezu kwamakhilomitha angu-1,000 cubic kilometers. Ingabe imishayo Ziyivelakancane kakhulu, kodwa imiphumela yazo ingaba yingozi kakhulu, ithinte isimo sezulu somhlaba wonke, izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nempucuko yabantu. Ngokungafani nezintaba-mlilo zendabuko, izintaba-mlilo ezinkulu azinawo umumo ojwayelekile we-conical futhi umsebenzi wazo ungase ungabonakali kangako.
I-Yellowstone Supervolcano
I-Yellowstone Caldera, ese-Yellowstone National Park, mhlawumbe eyaziwa kakhulu emhlabeni. Okwakhe i-caldera Ilinganiselwa ku-55 by 72 km. I-Yellowstone iye yabhekana nokukhuphuka okunamandla okuthathu eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-2.1 edlule, okwakamuva kakhulu cishe eminyakeni engu-640,000 edlule. Njengamanje, ibhekwa njengesebenzayo ngenxa yomsebenzi oqhubekayo we-geothermal, ukuba khona kwesistimu enkulu yama-magma chambers, kanye nokuzamazama komhlaba okuncane. Nokho, mancane amathuba okuthi kuqhume ukuqhuma esikhathini esizayo esiseduze, ngokusho kososayensi be-United States Geological Survey (USGS). Ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nale supervolcano, ungafunda mayelana nezici eziyingqayizivele Yellowstone.
I-Toba Supervolcano
ILake Toba supervolcano, eseSumatra, e-Indonesia, yaba nokuqhuma okukhulu kokugcina eminyakeni engaba ngu-74,000 2 edlule, okubhekwa njengenye yeziqhumane ezinkulu kunazo zonke eminyakeni eyizigidi ezimbili edlule. Lokhu kuqhuma kwaba nomthelela omkhulu esimweni sezulu sembulunga yonke, okubangele “ubusika bentaba-mlilo” okungenzeka bunciphile kakhulu inani labantu. Nakuba i-Toba iqhubeka nokubonisa umsebenzi we-geothermal nomsebenzi wokuzamazama komhlaba, abukho ubufakazi bokuqhuma okuseduze.
Ichibi Taupo Supervolcano
ILake Taupo, eliseNyakatho yaseNew Zealand, iyikhaya lezintaba-mlilo ezinamandla kakhulu emhlabeni. Ukuqhuma okukhulu kokugcina kweTaupo kwenzeka eminyakeni engaba ngu-26,500 edlule futhi kwaziwa ngokuthi ukuqhuma kwe-Oruanui. I-caldera iye yaba nokuqhuma okuncane kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, okwakamuva kakhulu eminyakeni engaba ngu-1,800 edlule. I-Taupo isaqhubeka nokugadwa ngeso lokhozi ngenxa yamandla ayo okuqhuma esikhathini esizayo.
I-Caldera Valleys, United States
I-Valles Caldera, eseNew Mexico, eU.SA, iwubufakazi bomlando omangalisayo wokwakheka komhlaba. Yakheka cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-1.25 edlule ngesikhathi sokuqhuma kwe-VEI 8, ingenye yezintaba-mlilo ezinkulu kakhulu eNyakatho Melika. Nakuba ingakaze ibe nokuqhuma kwamuva nje kobukhulu obunjalo, yayo uhlelo lwe-volcanic olusebenzayo kudinga ukuqapha kanye nocwaningo ukuze kuhlolwe amandla ayo.
I-Long Valley Caldera
Itholakala empumalanga yeCalifornia, i-Long Valley Caldera ingenye i-supervolcano evelele. Eminyakeni engaba ngu-760,000 XNUMX edlule, kwaqhuma ukuqhuma okukhulu okwaphumela ekwakhekeni kwendawo ekulo manje. Nakuba liye lahlala lingasebenzi ezikhathini zamuva nje, lolu hlelo lusalokhu luyisihloko sokuqapha kwesayensi ngenxa yomsebenzi walo wokushiswa komhlaba oshisayo.
ICampi Flegrei, e-Italy
Indawo yentaba-mlilo iCampi Flegrei, eduze kwaseNaples, e-Italy, ingenye yezintaba-mlilo eziyingozi kakhulu emhlabeni. I-caldera yayo inweba ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha angu-13 ububanzi futhi ibe nokuqhuma okuningi. Ukuqhuma kokugcina okuphawulekayo kwenzeka ngo-1538, kodwa umsebenzi wamanje we-geothermal umile izingozi kubantu abazungezile.
I-Aira Caldera, Japan
I-Aira caldera, eseJapane, idume ngomsebenzi wayo wentaba-mlilo. Kuyikhaya lentaba-mlilo iSakurajima, esanda kuqhuma. I-Aira caldera ibe nomthelela omkhulu endaweni kanye namasiko, okwenza ukuqapha kwayo kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze kuphephe izakhamuzi eziseduze.
La Garita Boiler
IGarita Caldera, eseColorado, eU.SA, iyintaba-mlilo yasendulo eyaba nokuqhuma okukhulu kakhulu eMhlabeni. Cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-27 edlule, leli gumbi labhekana nokuqhuma kwe-VEI 8 okwakhafula umlotha omningi, okwakha indawo yamanje. Yize ingasasebenzi, isitudiyo sakhe siyahlinzeka ulwazi ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana nomlando we-geological of the Earth.
I-Ischia, e-Italy
I-Ischia, isiqhingi esisoLwandle iTyrrhenian, iyingxenye yePhlegraean Islands futhi iyindawo eyaziwa kancane kodwa ephawulekayo yentaba-mlilo. Ukuqhuma kwayo kokugcina kwenzeka ngo-1302. Izici zentaba-mlilo yesiqhingi ziyaqhubeka zibe a iphuzu isithakazelo kubavakashi nososayensi ngokufanayo.
Ukuqapha kanye Nokuqapha
Umphakathi wesayensi ugcizelela kakhulu ukuqapha zalezi zintaba-mlilo ngenxa yezinhlekelele ezingase zibangele. Ama-ejensi afana ne-U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) kanye ne-Indonesian Geological Monitoring Agency zisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe ukuthola izimpawu zomsebenzi wentaba-mlilo, njengoshintsho kumsebenzi wokuzamazama komhlaba noma ukonakala komhlaba. Isibonelo sendlela izintaba-mlilo ezigadwa ngayo e-United States singatholakala kulokhu okuthunyelwe.
Amathuba okuqhuma okukhulu esikhathini sethu sokuphila aphansi kakhulu. Nokho, ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kanye nocwaningo kubalulekile ukulungiselela inkinga engase ibe khona. Ukujova uthuli lwentaba-mlilo ku-stratosphere kungabangela izinguquko eziphawulekayo esimweni sezulu somhlaba, kanye nomthelela wezolimo nempilo yabantu. Ngakho-ke, ukuqapha nokuqonda lezi zenzakalo kubalulekile.
- Izintaba-mlilo ezinkulu zingabangela ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni wonke.
- I-Yellowstone ingenye yezintaba-mlilo ezifundwa kakhulu futhi ezesatshwa kakhulu emhlabeni.
- Ukuqhuma kwe-Supervolcano kulindeleke ukuthi kube yivelakancane kakhulu futhi kungenzeki esikhathini esizayo esiseduze.
- Ubuchwepheshe besimanje buvumela ukuqapha okuphumelelayo kwalezi zenzakalo ze-geological.
