Izigaba ze-physics

I-Physics isiyalo sesayensi esiyingxenye yesayensi ebizwa ngokuthi yemvelo noma "emsulwa", enezandulela ezisukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Kanye ne-chemistry kanye ne-biology, kuyishintshe kakhulu indlela thina bantu esiqonda ngayo futhi sicubungule umhlaba osizungezile. Kukhona ezahlukene amagatsha e-physics ezingafundwa kanye nale sayensi.

Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela mayelana namagatsha ahlukene e-physics, izici zawo kanye nalokho akufundayo.

I-Physics kanye ne-chemistry

I-Chemistry ifunda ukwakheka kwezinto eziphilayo, i-biology kanye ne-physics inikezelwe ocwaningweni nasekuchazeni isayensi amandla ayisisekelo abusa indawo yonke. Ngokusekelwe ocwaningweni lwala mandla kanye namaphuzu okuxhumana phakathi kwalolo cwaningo nezinye izindawo zesayensi nezokuqondisa izigwegwe, i-physics ihlukaniswe ngamagatsha amaningi noma izinkambu, ngayinye inegama layo nezinjongo zayo. Isibonelo, ungafunda kabanzi mayelana amamodeli e-athomu ezibalulekile ekuqondeni isihloko.

Nokho, njengoba i-physics ingenye yesayensi endala kakhulu, futhi njengoba ezinye iziyalo ezikhona namuhla bezingekho ngaso sonke isikhathi, kuvamile ukuhlukanisa izikhathi ezintathu ezinkulu, noma imibono emithathu emikhulu, equkethwe isifundo se-physics.

Izigaba ze-physics

i-classical physics. Isizinda saso sivela emandulo yakudala, ikakhulukazi iGreece yasendulo, futhi igxile ezintweni ezisemkhathini lapho ijubane lingaphansi kwejubane lokukhanya kanye nesilinganiso sendawo sikhulu kunesama-athomu nama-molecule. Izimiso zayo zisekelwe kumakhenikha asendulo noma kumakhenikha aseNewton, njengoba u-Isaac Newton (1642-1727) wayengomunye wezihlakaniphi ezinkulu. Le ndlela ihlobene kakhulu ne- ukwakheka komhlaba ngomqondo wokuqonda ukunyakaza kwendaba Emhlabeni.
I-physics yesimanje. Umsuka wayo uhlehlela emuva ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-1858 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-1947, futhi ngenxa yocwaningo luka-Max Planck (1879-1955) no-Albert Einstein (XNUMX-XNUMX), imiqondo ehlukene ye-physics yakudala yashintshwa kakhulu: ukuhlobana okukhethekile . kanye nokuhlobana okujwayelekile.
I-physics yesikhashana. Izindlela ezisha kakhulu, ezaqala ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21, zigxila encazelweni yokusebenza yezinhlelo ezingezona umugqa, izinqubo ezingaphandle kokulingana kwe-thermodynamic, futhi, ngokuvamile, izitayela ze-avant-garde neziyinkimbinkimbi ezizungeze indawo yonke engabonakali. Lokhu ngokuvamile kungaholela ezifundweni ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu.

Izinhlobonhlobo zamagatsha e-physics

Phakathi nalezi zikhathi ezintathu, i-physics ibilokhu iqongelela izinkambu zokufunda, ngayinye yazo eqala noma ehlanganisa enye yalezo ezibizwa ngamagatsha e-physics:

mechanics classical. Igxila emcabangweni wokuhamba ngesivinini esingaphansi kwejubane lokukhanya kanye nokuziphatha kwe-macroscopic yezinto, futhi ibonakala ngokuphatha isikhathi njengomqondo ongaguquki kanye nendawo yonke njengento echaziwe. Ngokuvamile, iqukethe ama-vector mechanics, imiphumela yocwaningo luka-Isaac Newton nemithetho yakhe yokunyakaza, kanye nemishini yokuhlaziya yemvelo engabonakali neyezibalo, umqali wayo othathwa njengoGottfried Leibniz (1646-1716). I i-geomorphology Kuphinde kuhlobane nokuqonda ukunyakaza kanye nezinguquko ebusweni boMhlaba.
I-Thermodynamics. Kunikezelwe ocwaningweni lwebhalansi yamandla wezinhlelo ze-macroscopic, izinqubo zabo zokushisa nokudlulisa amandla, uhlobo lwamandla kanye nendlela asetshenziswa ngayo ukwenza umsebenzi.
I-Electromagnetism. Kuyigatsha le-physics elifunda ugesi kanye ne-magnetism futhi likwenza ngendlela ebumbene, okungukuthi, lisebenzisa ithiyori eyodwa. Lokhu kwakusho ukuthi waba nesithakazelo ezenzakalweni zamandla kagesi namagnetic kanye nokubhalelana kwawo nokuxhumana, kucatshangelwa ukukhanya. Umsuka wayo usukela ezifundweni zikaMichel Faraday (1791-1867) kanye noJames Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879). Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe, ungabheka isihloko esithi i-spectroscopy.
Ama-Acoustic. Leli yigama le-physics yomsindo, elinikezelwe ekutadisheni izakhiwo kanye nokusakazwa kwamagagasi omsindo, ukuziphatha kwawo emithonjeni ehlukene kanye nokwenzeka kokukhohlisa. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuyisisekelo emhlabeni wezinsimbi zomculo, kodwa kuya phambili ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke.
I-Optics. Kuyi-physics yokukhanya, ezinikele ekuqondeni ubunjalo obuyinkimbinkimbi be-spectrum kagesi obubonakalayo (futhi obungabonakali) kanye nezindlela okusebenzelana ngazo nodaba: imidiya ehlukene, izinto ezikhanyayo, namaprism. Lesi simiso sokuziphatha savela ezikhathini zasendulo kodwa siye sashintshwa ezikhathini zanamuhla, sivumela ukwakhiwa kwamathuluzi abantu ababengakaze bawasole ngaphambili, njengezibona-khulu, amakhamera kanye nezimboni zokulungisa (ezokwelapha).
Imishini yamanzi. Igxile ocwaningweni lokuhamba kwamanzi kanye nokusebenzisana kwawo nendawo ezungezile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ifunda kakhulu uketshezi namagesi, kodwa futhi nezinye izinhlobo eziyinkimbinkimbi zezinto ezingageleza, okungukuthi, zibe i-continua.
I-Quantum Mechanics. Kunikezelwe ekutadisheni imvelo ngezikali ezincane kakhulu zendawo, njengama-athomu nezinhlayiya ze-subatomic. Ihlaziya ukuguquguquka kwayo kanye nokusebenzisana kwayo futhi iwumphumela wenqubekelaphambili ku-physics ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, eyaqala kusukela ekucabangeni kwemishini yakudala futhi yavula insimu entsha yokufunda: umhlaba we-subatomic kanye nokukhohlisa okungenzeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ungathola okwengeziwe mayelana yini i-quantum physics ukuqonda izimiso zayo.
Ithiyori yesiphithiphithi. Igxile ocwaningweni lwezinhlelo zomzimba eziyinkimbinkimbi neziguqukayo, kusetshenziswa izilinganiso zokuhlukanisa zika-Newton kanye neminikelo yezazi zefiziksi ezifana ne-Lenz (1917-2008), njll.

amanye amagatsha

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yokuxhumana nezinye isayensi neziyalo, kuye kwazalwa amanye amagatsha e-physics:

I-Geophysics. Kungumphumela wokuxhumana phakathi kwe-physics kanye ne-geology, enikezelwe esifundweni sezingqimba zangaphakathi zeplanethi yethu: isakhiwo sayo, amandla kanye nomlando wokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kucatshangelwa imithetho eyisisekelo eyaziwayo yendaba: amandla adonsela phansi, amandla kazibuthe kagesi, imisebe, njll. Lokhu kuxhumana kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuziphatha kweplanethi yethu insimu ye-hydrogeology.
I-Astrophysics. Lena i-stellar physics, okungukuthi, i-physics esetshenziswa esifundweni sezinto ezibonakalayo noma ezibonakalayo ezisemkhathini, njengezinkanyezi, i-nebulae, noma izimbobo ezimnyama. Lokhu kuziphatha kuhambisana nesayensi yezinkanyezi futhi kunikeza ingcebo yolwazi mayelana nendlela umkhathi ongaphandle kwamaplanethi asebenza ngayo nokuthi yiziphi iziphetho ezingafinyelelwa kulokho okubonayo. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe, ungahlola izingqapheli zezinkanyezi.
I-Physical chemistry. Kuyimpambano yesayensi yamandla (physics) kanye nesayensi yendaba (chemistry). Kubandakanya ukucwaninga kwendaba kusetshenziswa imiqondo ebonakalayo.
I-Biophysics. Kunikezelwe ekutadisheni izinto eziphilayo ngokombono we-physics, ikakhulukazi ezingeni lokuguquguquka kwamangqamuzana, okungukuthi, ukushintshana nokusebenzelana kwezinhlayiya ze-subatomic namandla phakathi nangaphakathi kwezidalwa eziphilayo.