Amakristalu e-Ice

I-Los amakristalu eqhwa Bebelokhu beyinto yocwaningo ososayensi uma benikezwe isimo sabo esingavamile nesihlaba umxhwele. Uma sizibuka ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu singabona ukuthi zinezimo zejometri ezimangalisayo futhi kuyamangaza ukuthi kungani lezi zimo zejiyomethri zikhiqizwa ngokwemvelo.

Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ukuthi yiziphi iziphetho zezifundo ezihlukahlukene ezihlobene namakristalu eqhwa nokuthi yini etholakele kuze kube manje.

ukwakheka kwamakristalu eqhwa

Ukuma okulinganayo kungenxa yokukhula kwedamu, lapho amanzi afakwa khona ngqo kumakristalu eqhwa bese ehwamuka. Kuye ngezinga lokushisa elizungezile kanye nomswakama, amakristalu eqhwa angakhula kusukela kumaprism angama-hexagonal okuqala ngezindlela eziningi ezilinganayo. Ukubunjwa okungenzeka kwamakristalu eqhwa kuyikholomu, okumise kwenaliti, okumise okwepuleti, kanye ne-dendritic. Uma ikristalu ithuthela endaweni enezimo ezihlukene zemvelo, imodi yokukhula ingase ishintshe futhi ikristalu yokugcina ingase ibonise izindlela ezixubile.

Amakristalu eqhwa avame ukuwa nezimbazo zawo ezinde eziqondaniswe ngokuvundlile, futhi ngaleyo ndlela abonakala kuma-radar wesimo sezulu se-polarimetric anamanani abonakalayo athuthukisiwe (okuhle). Ukulayishwa kwekristalu yeqhwa kungabangela ukuqondanisa ngaphandle kokuvundlile. I-radar yesimo sezulu epholile ingakwazi ukubona kahle amakristalu eqhwa ashajiwe. Izinga lokushisa nomswakama kunquma izinhlobo eziningi zekristalu. Amakristalu eqhwa anesibopho sokubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwe-atmospheric.

Amafu aqandisiwe akhiwe amakristalu eqhwa, ikakhulukazi amafu e-cirrus kanye nenkungu eqandayo. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nalezi zinhlobo zamafu, ungabheka isihloko esithi amafu e-cirrus anelukuluku. Futhi, uma unesithakazelo ekubunjweni kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zamafu, ungathola mayelana ukuthi amafu ahlakazeka kanjani. Amakristalu eqhwa ku-troposphere abangela isibhakabhaka esiluhlaza sibe mhlophe kancane, okungaba uphawu lwengaphambili elisondelayo (kanye nemvula) njengoba umoya omanzi ukhuphuka futhi ubanda ube amakristalu eqhwa.

Ezingeni lokushisa elivamile nokucindezela, ama-molecule amanzi amise okwe-V futhi ama-athomu amabili e-hydrogen ahlanganiswe nama-athomu omoya-mpilo nge-engeli engu-105°. Amakristalu eqhwa avamile ano-symmetrical futhi ane-hexagonal.

Uma icindezelwa phakathi kwezingqimba ezimbili ze-graphene, amakristalu eqhwa ayisikwele akheka ekamelweni lokushisa. Impahla iyisigaba esisha se-ice crystal esihlanganisa namanye ama-ice angu-17. Ucwaningo lulandela ekutholakaleni kwangaphambilini kokuthi umhwamuko wamanzi namanzi awuketshezi kungadlula emashidini e-laminated graphene oxide, ngokungafani nama-molecule amancane njenge-helium. Lo mphumela kucatshangwa ukuthi uqhutshwa amandla e-van der Waals, angafaka ukucindezela okungaphezu kwe-atmosphere engu-10.000.

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izifundo ngamakristalu eqhwa

Ukulingisa okwenziwa ku-supercomputer ye-MareNostrum e-Barcelona ngabacwaningi abavela ku-CSIC kanye ne-Complutense University of Madrid bakuqinisekisile ukuthi ukhiye wokukhula okungavamile kwamakristalu eqhwa ulele esakhiweni sawo esingaphezulu.

Indawo yeqhwa ingaba ezifundeni ezintathu ezihlukene, ngamazinga ahlukene okuphazamiseka. Amaphaseji asuka kokunye aye kokunye adala izinguquko ezingazelelwe amazinga okukhula njengoba amazinga okushisa enyuka futhi achaze izindlela ezahlukene (isicaba, i-hexagonal, noma kokubili) kusuka eqhweni noma kumakristalu eqhwa emkhathini.

Isihluthulelo salezi zinguquko zekristalu ezithile kanye nokukhula yisakhiwo sazo esingaphezulu. Ucwaningo olwenziwa abacwaningi uLuis González MacDowell weComplutense University of Madrid (UCM), u-Eva Noya we-Rocca Solano Institute of Physical Chemistry (IQFR) weKhomishana Ephakeme Yocwaningo Lwesayensi, noPablo Llombart wazo zombili izikhungo ubonisa lokhu ngokwengxenye. Lesi sihloko sanyatheliswa kumagazini i-Science Advances.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyathakazelisa ukuqaphela ukuthi umcwaningi waseJapane u-Ukichiro Nakaya wathola amakristalu eqhwa amancane kunawo wonke, abizwa ngokuthi uthuli lwedayimane, ngeminyaka yawo-1930, ayemise okwe-prism ene-hexagonal. Lawa maprism angaba sicaba, njengephilisi, noma abe made, njengepensela noma iprism ene-hexagonal, futhi angaguquka asuke esimweni esisodwa aye kwesinye ezingeni lokushisa elithile.

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Ukulingisa

Abacwaningi baqaphela ukuthi emazingeni okushisa aphansi, iqhwa lalibushelelezi futhi lihlelekile. Lapho amangqamuzana omhwamuko eshayisana nendawo engaphezulu, abakwazi ukuthola indawo yokujaha futhi bahwamuke ngokushesha, okwenza ukukhula kwekristalu kuhambe kancane. Ngalo mqondo, kuphakanyiswa ukuthi isifundo se amafu e-cumulonimbus kungase kube usizo ukuqonda kangcono izenzakalo ezihlobene neqhwa emkhathini.

Kodwa emazingeni okushisa aphakeme, iqhwa liyaphazamiseka, libe nezinyathelo eziningi. Ama-molecule omhwamuko angathola kalula indawo yawo ezitebhisini futhi amakristalu akhula ngokushesha.

"Siqaphele ukuthi lolu shintsho aluzange lwenzeke kancane kancane, kodwa lwenzeke ngenxa yenguquko ecacile ebizwa ngokuthi i-topological transition. Kodwa okwenza iqhwa lingajwayelekile nakakhulu ukuthi kungazelelwe, lapho igobolondo langaphandle lekristalu lincibilika, ingaphezulu liyashelela futhi libe muncu futhi,” kusho uNoah.

Lapho kuba bushelelezi kakhulu futhi, ukukhula kwekristalu kuba kancane kakhulu kulolo hlangothi lwekristalu, kodwa hhayi ngakolunye uhlangothi. Ngokungazelelwe ezinye zikhula ngokushesha, ezinye zikhula kancane, futhi ukuma kwamakristalu kuyashintsha; njengoba uNakatani aphawula ocwaningweni eminyakeni engaphezu kwama-90 edlule.

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Ukulingisa ku-MareNostrum

Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi iqhwa liyinto eyinkimbinkimbi okudingeka ifundwe kusetshenziswa amasu okuhlola ngenxa yokuhwamuka kwawo ngokushesha, ukulingisa kuye kwenziwa izinyanga eziyisishiyagalombili kukhompyutha enkulu kunazo zonke eSpain, i-MareNostrum (BSC-CNS).

“Umsebenzi wokubala uye wasivumela ukuba sinqume indlela yengqamuzana ngalinye lamanzi elakha ikristalu; kodwa-ke, ukwakha ikristalu encane, sidinga amakhulu ezinkulungwane zama-molecule, ngakho-ke inani lokubala elidingekayo ukwenza lolu cwaningo likhulu kakhulu. kusho uLlombart Say.

UGonzález MacDowell uphethe ngokuthi le miphumela “iyathakazelisa kakhulu, kodwa ucwaningo lwesayensi ludinga ukuqinisekiswa ngezibalo ezintsha nokuqinisekiswa. Naphezu kwalesi sixwayiso, siyajabula ukuthi imizamo yethu ibe nemiphumela emihle, ngoba kuthathe imizamo eminingi engaphumelelanga ukuthola uxhaso.”

Ngaphezu kwalokho, usokhemisi ukhumbula ukuthi amakristalu eqhwa asemkhathini anendima ebalulekile ekufudumaleni kwembulunga yonke: “Ukuze siqonde umthelela ekuguquguqukeni kwesimo sezulu, sidinga ukuqonda ukuma kwaso nezinga lokukhula. Ngakho ukuqonda kwethu okungcono kusivumela ukuthi sibeke esinye isiqephu kundida yezigidi zamadola.”

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Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana namakristalu eqhwa nezici zawo.