Ngokusetshenziswa kwesibonakude esibekwe kwi-Boeing 747, kuqinisekisiwe ukuthi amanzi enyangeni. Lokhu kutholwa kuhambisana nokutholwe ocwaningweni oluhlukile, oluthole ukuthi kukhona “izicupho ezibandayo” lapho ukukhanya kwelanga kungeke kungene khona, okuholela emazingeni okushisa abe ngaphansi kuka-163 degrees ngaphansi kweziro. Ucwaningo luqinisekisa indima ebalulekile ezodlalwa yiqhwa, ngendlela yamanzi, ohambweni oluzayo oluqhutshwa abantu.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela konke okudingeka ukwazi mayelana namanzi nenyanga, ukutholakala nokubaluleka kwazo.
Amanzi eNyangeni
Sekuqinisekisiwe ngokusemthethweni ukuthi amanzi akhona eNyangeni. Esimemezelweni se-NASA, Kuye kwavezwa ukuthi isathelayithi yemvelo yomhlaba wethu iqukethe inani elikhulu leqhwa, okungaba usizo olukhulu emishinini ezayo eyenziwe ngabantu. Ucwaningo olunzulu olwenziwa ososayensi luveze ubukhona bamanzi hhayi kuphela emigodini emikhulu, ebandayo, ejulile etholakala ezindaweni ezipholile eNyangeni, lapho i-Lunar Prospect mission yaqale yathola khona amanzi ngasekupheleni kwawo-1990, kodwa nasemigodini emincane, imigodi engashoni. ngaphakathi kwalezi zindawo ezimaphakathi. Lezi zingosi ezingashoni zinamandla okugcina iqhwa izinkulungwane noma izigidi zeminyaka ngenxa yokubanda kwazo ngokwanele.
Ngemva kokuhlolwa okujulile kwedatha eqoqwe yi-Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA), indiza ye-Boeing 747SP efakwe ububanzi obungamamitha angu-2,5 obubonisa isibonakude, ochwepheshe bale nhlangano yasemkhathini baye bafinyelela lesi siphetho. Isebenza kusuka ku-stratosphere yomhlaba, I-SOFIA idlula ngaphezu kwama-99% ongqimba lomkhathi womhlaba, okukuvumela ukuthi uqoqe ulwazi oluyigugu mayelana nesimiso sonozungezilanga ongenakutholwa kusetshenziswa izibonakude zendabuko ezisekelwe phansi.
Ngokusho kokutholwe yi-observatory, enye yemigodi emikhulu ebonakalayo eMhlabeni, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Clavius, itholakale iqukethe ama-molecule amanzi. Lokhu kutholakala okumangalisayo kuhambisana nocwaningo lwe umkhathi wenyanga, edlala indima ebalulekile ekuqondeni lezi zindawo.
Iziphetho ezivela ekutholweni kwamanzi eNyangeni
Iziphetho ezithathwe kokutholwe yi-SOFIA Zihambisana nalezo zocwaningo oluhlukile, nazo ezishicilelwe kujenali yesayensi efanayo. Kulolu cwaningo, iqembu labacwaningi lihlonze "izicupho ezibandayo" ezindaweni ezinomthunzi unomphela eNyangeni, lapho amazinga okushisa engehla aze afike ku-163 degrees ngaphansi kweziro. Lezi zindawo ezincane zinamandla okusebenza njengamachibi esikhathi eside eqhwa lamanzi. Nokho, isambulo esimangalisa kakhulu ukuqongelela kulinganiselwa ukuthi lezi zindawo ezine-ultrafrigid cishe cishe amakhilomitha-skwele angama-40.000 endaweni yenyanga.
Cishe amakhilomitha angu-40.000 ngaphesheya kwenyanga, kunezifunda ezimbozwe ubumnyama ezinamandla okuqukatha amanzi ayiqhwa. Engxenyeni eseningizimu yeNyanga, ikakhulukazi kuClavius crater, okungenye yemigodi emikhulu kakhulu ebonakalayo evela eMhlabeni, indawo yokuhlola ithole ama-molecule amanzi. Ucwaningo lwangaphambili lwendawo yenyanga lukwazile ukuhlonza ubukhona be-hydrogen, kodwa alukwazanga ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwamanzi nenhlanganisela yawo ehlobene eduze, i-hydroxyl (OH). Lokhu kutholakala kuvula izindlela ezintsha zokuqonda okokusebenza okudingekayo kumishini yesikhathi esizayo eNyangeni.
Kodwa-ke, idatha etholwe kule ndawo ethile iveze ukuthi amanzi akhona phakathi kwezingxenye eziyi-100 nezingu-412 ngesigidi. Ukubeka lokhu emqondweni, Lesi samba sicishe silingane nomthamo wamanzi aqukethwe ebhodleleni elingamasentimitha angama-35, khudlwana kunekani likasoda, elivaleleke ngaphakathi kwe-cubic meter yenhlabathi esabalele phezu kwenyanga. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi, uma kuqhathaniswa, iSahara Desert inamanzi aphindwe izikhathi eziyikhulu kunalawo atholwe enhlabathini yenyanga yi-SOFIA, kuchaza i-ejensi yasemkhathini.
Amanzi abangelwa umthelela wama-meteorite
Ukutholakala kwakamuva kwamanzi endaweni yenyanga, nakuba ekhona ngamanani amancane, kuye kwabangela ucwaningo olusha ekudalweni nasekulondolozweni kwamanzi kuleyo ndawo. Kuyaphawuleka, nokho, ukuthi ama-athomu amanzi atholwe yi-observatory awekho esimweni seqhwa elihlanzekile, kodwa zikhona kumadiphozithi amancane anqwabelene phezulu noma avaleleke ngaphakathi kwamakristalu okubangelwa ukushayisana okuncane kwe-asteroid eNyangeni.
Nakuba uphenyo lwase-India lwe-Chandrayaan-1 ngaphambilini lwaluhlonze iqhwa lamanzi ezindaweni ezingakhanyiswe zezigxobo zenyanga eminyakeni engaphezu kweshumi edlule, lolu cwaningo manje lunikeza ubufakazi obuqand' ikhanda bokuthi ama-molecule amanzi akhona nasezifundeni ezikhanyisiwe. Ochwepheshe bacabanga ukuthi la ma-molecule awumphumela wokuhlangana kwamakhemikhali ne-hydroxyl okubangelwa umthelela wama-meteorite amancane. Ngokufanayo, okulandelayo kuye kwahlaziywa: izizathu zokushoda kwemishini yangaphambilini eNyangeni.
Ukufinyeleleka kwamanzi atholwe yi-SOFIA njengensiza engaba khona kusaphenywa. Lokhu okutholakele okuyisiqalo, isiphetho socwaningo olunzulu olwenziwa phakathi neminyaka eminingana, kunemithelela ebalulekile emishinini yesikhathi esizayo eyenziwa abantu isathelayithi. Lezi zithunywa, ezihlelwe ngaphakathi kohlaka lohlelo lwe-Artemis lweminyaka ezayo, zingase zenziwe lula ngokuba khona kwamanzi kwisathelayithi.
Isebenzisa imininingwane eqoqwe yi-SOFIA, i-NASA inamandla okuyisebenzisela ohambweni olulandelayo lwabantu lokuya eNyangeni, okwamanje oluthuthukiswayo ngaphansi kwephrojekthi ka-Artemis. Ugqugquzelwe unkulunkulukazi ohlotshaniswa neNyanga nezilwane zasendle, owathi Uphinde abe udadewabo oyiwele likankulunkulu u-Apollo, iNASA iwuqambe ngokufanelekile lo msebenzi omusha ngokumhlonipha. Ngalolu hlelo, i-ejensi yaseMelika ihlose ukuthumela osomkhathi kusathelayithi yemvelo yomhlaba wethu futhi, okubonisa imbuyiselo ebalulekile ngemva kwengxenye yekhulunyaka.
Esimemezelweni esishaqisayo entwasahlobo edlule, uhlelo lwasemkhathini lwembule izinhlelo zalo ezifisayo. Ayihlosile kuphela ukuthumela indoda elandelayo endaweni yenyanga, kodwa futhi ihlose ukufeza umsebenzi ophawuleka kakhulu: sungula isisekelo esihlala njalo eNyangeni. Lesi sikhungo senyanga sizosebenza njengendawo ebalulekile yokwethulwa kohambo lwesikhathi esizayo oluya eMars, oluzokwenzeka ngo-2030.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nokuba khona kwamanzi enyangeni nokutholakala kwawo.