amayunithi okushisa

Izinga lokushisa yinani eliphathekayo elihlobene nesilinganiso samandla e-kinetic ezinhlayiya ezakha into noma isistimu. Ukuphakama kwamandla e-kinetic, izinga lokushisa liphezulu. Siphinde sibheke izinga lokushisa njengolwazi lwethu lwezinzwa zomzimba wethu kanye nendawo ezungezile yangaphandle, isibonelo lapho sithinta izinto noma sizwa umoya. Nokho, kuye ngomongo lapho isetshenziswa khona, kunezinhlobo ezahlukene ze amayunithi okushisa.

Kulesi sihloko sizokhuluma ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zamayunithi okushisa, izici zabo, eziningi nokubaluleka kwazo.

Izikali zokushisa namayunithi

Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zezikali zokulinganisa izinga lokushisa. Okuvame kakhulu yilezi:

Isikali se-Celsius lokushisa. Eyaziwa nangokuthi "isikali se-centigrade" futhi sisetshenziswa kakhulu. Kulesi sikali, indawo yokuqandisa yamanzi ilingana no-0 °C (zero degrees Celsius) kanti indawo yokubilisa ingu-100 °C.
Isikali sikaFahrenheit. Lesi isilinganiso esisetshenziswa emazweni amaningi akhuluma isiNgisi. Kulesi sikali, amanzi anephuzu elingu-32°F (ama-degrees Fahrenheit angamashumi amathathu nambili) kanye nendawo yokubilisa engu-212°F.
Isilinganiso sikaKelvin. Kuyindlela yokulinganisa esetshenziswa kakhulu kusayensi, futhi “uziro ophelele” usethwe njengephuzu elinguziro, okungukuthi, into ayikhiphi ukushisa, okulingana no -273,15 °C (Celsius).
Isikali se-Rankine. Kuyisilinganiso esisetshenziswa kakhulu sezinga lokushisa le-thermodynamic e-United States futhi sichazwa njengesilinganiso samadigri Fahrenheit ngaphezu kukaziro ophelele, ngakho awekho amanani angalungile noma aphansi.

Likalwa kanjani izinga lokushisa?

Izinga lokushisa likalwa ngezinga lokushisa, okungukuthi, amayunithi ahlukene amelela amazinga okushisa ezikalini ezahlukene. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kusetshenziswa idivayisi ebizwa ngokuthi "i-thermometer", enezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene kuye ngokuthi kwenzekani okufanele kulinganiswe, njenge:
ukunwetshwa nokufinyela. Amathemomitha akhona ukuze kukale amagesi (amathemometha okucindezela okungaguquki kwegesi), uketshezi (amathemometha e-mercury), nezinto eziqinile (ama-thermometer angama-liquid noma ama-bimetallic cylinder), okuyizici ezinwetshwa kumazinga okushisa aphezulu noma ezincipha emazingeni okushisa aphansi.
ukushintsha kokumelana. Ukumelana kushintsha ngokuvumelana nezinga lokushisa abakutholayo. Ukuze kulinganiswe, kusetshenziswa ama-thermometers okumelana, njengezinzwa (ezisekelwe ekuphikiseni okukwazi ukuguqula uguquko lukagesi lube ushintsho lokushisa) kanye nama-pyroelectrics (okukhiqiza amandla okushayela).
I-thermal radiation thermometer. Izenzakalo zemisebe ezikhishwa umkhakha wezimboni zingalinganiswa ngezinzwa zokushisa ezifana nama-pyrometers e-infrared (ukulinganisa izinga lokushisa eliphansi kakhulu lesiqandisi) kanye nama-optical pyrometers (ukulinganisa amazinga okushisa aphezulu ezithandweni nasezinsimbi ezincibilikisiwe).
amandla kagesi we-thermoelectric. Inhlanganisela yezinsimbi ezimbili ezihlukene ezithintwa amazinga okushisa ahlukene idala amandla e-electromotive, aguqulwa abe amandla kagesi futhi akalwe ngamavolthi. Lesi simo sibalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi amazinga okushisa akalwa kanjani ezimweni ezehlukene, njengaku ushintsho lwesimo sezulu.

Ukukalwa kwamayunithi okushisa

Uma sikhuluma ngezinga lokushisa, sikhuluma ngenani elithile lokushisa elimuncwa noma elikhishwe umzimba. Kubalulekile ukuthi ungahlanganisi izinga lokushisa nokushisa. Ukushisa kuwuhlobo lwamandla kwezokuthutha. Umzimba noma uhlelo alunakho ukushisa, luyakudonsa noma luyakuyeka. Kunalokho, inezinga lokushisa elihambisana nalokho kugeleza kokushisa.

Ngokombono we-physics, ukushisa okudluliselwa ohlelweni noma umzimba kukhiqiza umsebenzi wamangqamuzana, ukuyaluza (noma ukunyakaza) kwama-molecule. Uma sikala izinga lokushisa, sikala ukunyakaza esikubona ngokwemvelo njengokushisa kodwa empeleni okungamandla e-kinetic.

izinga lokushisa Ibalulekile emikhakheni eminingi yesayensi, ezobuchwepheshe, izimboni nezokwelapha.. Embonini, isibonelo, ukukalwa kwezinga lokushisa kubalulekile ezinqubweni zokukhiqiza, lapho izinga lokushisa lezinto nemikhiqizo kufanele lilawulwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukukhiqizwa kwekhwalithi. Izilinganiso zokushisa zibuye zisetshenziswe ekulondolozeni ukudla nemithi, njengoba zingathinta ikhwalithi nokuphepha kwemikhiqizo. Ngakho, ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa kungaba nomthelela ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ehlobene ngokuqondile nempilo yabantu.

Kwezokwelapha, Kuyithuluzi elibalulekile lokuxilongwa nokwelashwa kwezifo. Umkhuhlane uwuphawu lokuthi umzimba ulwa nesifo noma esinye isifo. Ukulinganisa izinga lokushisa lomzimba kungasiza ekunqumeni ukuthi umuntu unomkhuhlane yini ngakho udinga ukwelashwa.

Ukulinganisa izinga lokushisa kuwumkhuba ovame kakhulu emikhakheni yesayensi neyocwaningo. Ku-physics, izinga lokushisa lisetshenziselwa ukukala amandla ashisayo wezinto ezibonakalayo, okungaba nomthelela ekusebenzeni kukagesi, i-viscosity, nezinye izici zokuziphatha kwempahla. Kusayensi yezinkanyezi, ukulinganisa izinga lokushisa lezinto ezisemkhathini kungasiza ososayensi baqonde kangcono ukwakheka nokuvela kwezinto ezisemkhathini. Phakathi kwezinto ezifundwayo yi- ukutholakala kwamaplanethi amasha.

izinhlobo zokushisa

Izinga lokushisa lihlukaniswe:

Izinga lokushisa elomile. Izinga lokushisa lomoya ngaphandle kokucabangela ukunyakaza kwawo noma amaphesenti omswakama. Ikalwa nge-thermometer emhlophe ye-mercury ukuze ivinjwe ekumunceni imisebe. Eqinisweni, izinga lokushisa esililinganisa nge-thermometer ye-mercury.
izinga lokushisa elikhazimulayo. Ikala ukushisa okukhishwa izinto, kuhlanganise nemisebe yelanga. Ngakho izinga lokushisa elikhazimulayo lizohluka kuye ngokuthi udubula elangeni noma emthunzini.
izinga lokushisa elinomswakama. Ukulinganisa lokhu kushisa, indawo ye-thermometer isongwe kukotini omanzi. Ngakho-ke, uma umswakama wemvelo uphezulu, izinga lokushisa elomile nelinomswakama lizofana, kodwa ukwehla komswakama ophakathi kwemvelo ne-bulb, izinga lokushisa elinomswakama liyancipha.

Izinto ezishintsha izinga lokushisa

Ukuphakama

Ukuphakama kungenye yezinto ezishintsha izinga lokushisa. Ukuchezuka okujwayelekile ukuthi izinga lokushisa lehla ngo-6,5°C ngekhilomitha, okungu-1°C kuwo wonke amamitha angu-154.. Lokhu kungenxa yokuncipha komfutho womkhathi ngokuphakama, okusho ukugcwala okuphansi kwezinhlayiya zomoya ezibamba ukushisa. Nokho, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi lokhu kushintsha kwezinga lokushisa kuncike nakwezinye izici ezifana nokukhanya kwelanga, umoya, nomswakama. Imiphumela yokuphakama ibalulekile ezimweni ezifana nalezi amagagasi abandayo.

Ububanzi

Ukuphakama kwe-latitude, izinga lokushisa liyancipha. I-Latitude iyibanga le-angular ukusuka endaweni engaphezulu komhlaba ukuya ku-0 degree parallel (inkabazwe). Njengoba iyibanga elingu-angular, ikalwa ngamadigri.

Lapho i-latitude iphakeme, okungukuthi, ibanga elikhulu ukuya enkabazwe, izinga lokushisa liyancipha. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi enkabazwe, indawo yoMhlaba ithola imisebe yelanga ngokuphazima kweso, kuyilapho emapalini (ama-latitudes aphezulu), imisebe ifika i-tangentially, isikhathi esifushane. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, eduze nenkabazwe, isimo sezulu siyafudumala kuyilapho iqhwa linqwabelana ezigxotsheni. Lo mehluko wamazinga okushisa uyisihluthulelo sokuqonda izinguquko zesimo sezulu.

Izwekazi

Esinye isici esithinta izinga lokushisa yibanga eliya olwandle, elaziwa ngokuthi i-continentality. Umoya oseduze nolwandle unomswakama kakhulu, ngakho ungakwazi ukugcina izinga lokushisa elizinzile isikhathi eside. Ngokuphambene, umoya osuka olwandle wome kakhulu, ngakho umehluko wezinga lokushisa phakathi kwemini nobusuku noma ukukhanya nomthunzi mkhulu. Ngakho-ke, kungaba khona amazinga okushisa angama-degree angamashumi amabili noma ngaphezulu ezindaweni eziwugwadule.