Emhlabeni wonke kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zenhlabathi. Lezi zinhlobo zenhlabathi ziyahlukahluka ngokuya ngobuningi bazo, ukwakheka kwazo ngokomzimba nangokwamakhemikhali, ukujula kwayo, i-porosity, ukuvuleka kwayo nombala wayo, phakathi kwezinye izici. Namuhla sizokhuluma ngohlobo lomhlabathi obizwa ngokuthi andosol. Luhlobo lwenhlabathi yentaba-mlilo eyakha umlotha wentaba-mlilo nengilazi kanye nezinye izinto zokwakha izintaba-mlilo.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ngazo zonke izici nezakhiwo i-andosol enazo.
Izici eziyinhloko
Luhlobo lomhlabathi olumila ezindaweni ezinentaba-mlilo. Lapho zisencane zinombala omnyama futhi zinokungena kakhulu. Le porosity ingenxa yohlobo lwedwala okwakhiwe ngalo. Njengoba sazi, inhlabathi yakhiwa ikakhulukazi edwaleni. Leli dwala belihlakazeka futhi liguquka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi nokwenziwa kokuhlukile ama-geological agents. Ngokuya ngohlobo lwe-ejenti ye-geological evelele endaweni kanye nezimpawu zokwakheka kwenhlabathi eshiwo, sizoba nohlobo oluthile noma olunye.
I-Andosol inhlabathi enokungena okuphezulu, isakhiwo esihle futhi okulula ukukhiya. Inokuzala okukhulu yize inemikhawulo ethile uma kukhulunywa ngokuzisebenzisela ezolimo. Kodwa-ke, ngumhlabathi osetshenziswa kabanzi emkhakheni wezolimo noma kunini lapho izimo zosizo zikuvumela. Indawo yalolu hlobo lwenhlabathi ngokuvamile isezindaweni ezinohlobo lwe-volcanism esebenzayo. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nezintaba-mlilo ezisebenzayo, ungabheka lesi sixhumanisi mayelana izintaba-mlilo ezisebenzayo emhlabeni jikelele kanye nobudlelwano ne umbani wentaba-mlilo.
Le nhlabathi ngokwesiko ibithathwa njengesibusiso kumasiko athuthukayo nakubantu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi le mpucuko ingahlala kule nhlabathi yize kunezingozi zemvelo ezingasongela njengoba zinezinga elihle lokuzala. Uma sihlaziya ukuqina kwezindawo ezisemadolobheni kanye nabantu abasathuthuka, njengamazwe aseNingizimu Melika, siyabona ukuthi izintaba zase-Andes zinezintaba-mlilo ezikhuthele futhi zinqunyelwe amazwe amancane kakhulu avundile afana namahlathi asezindaweni ezishisayo.
I-andosol yilowo mhlabathi one-Vitric noma i-Anndic horizon. Lawa mahhoroni aqala ngamasentimitha angama-25 ukujula ngenxa yalokhu komhlaba. Ayinayo enye i-horizons yokuxilonga ngaphandle kokuthi ingcwatshwe yizinhlabathi noma enye inhlabathi futhi imvamisa yenzeka ekujuleni okungaba ngamasentimitha angama-50.
Incazelo eningiliziwe ye-andosol
Le yinhlabathi enokuthambekela kombala omnyama kanye namathafa entaba-mlilo ngokuphelele. Okuqukethwe ngumzali ikakhulukazi kungumlotha wentaba-mlilo, yize kungenziwa futhi tuffs, pumice, umlotha nezinye ejecta yentaba-mlilo. Imvelo yale nhlabathi imvamisa izungezwe iziqalo ezingavuleki eziyizintaba. Idinga umswakama, i-arctic ezifundeni ezishisayo ezinezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezimila. Yilesi sinhlobonhlobo semifino esivumela inhlabathi ukuthi ibe nezinga eliphezulu lezakhamzimba.
Mayelana nokwakhiwa kwephrofayili yale nhlabathi, imvamisa iba nephrofayili ye-AC noma ye-ABC. Isendlalelo B salo mhlabathi sincike ekutheni sijule kangakanani. Imvamisa lo mkhuba wokushintsha ngokujula uvame ukuba khona kuleyo nhlabathi enobumba obuningi. Kungumhlabathi onesimo sezulu esisheshayo esihlala ngaphakathi ukuguqulwa okuphezulu kwe-biogeochemical ngenxa yezakhi zezinto zentaba-mlilo enazo. Lezi zinto zinokungena kakhulu futhi ziholela ekuqongeleleni kwezakhiwo ezizinzile zombili izinto eziphilayo nezamaminerali njenge-imogolite ne-ferrihydrite.
Ukusetshenziswa nokwakhiwa kwe-andosol
Ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwe-andosol kulinywa. Njengoba iwuhlobo lwenhlabathi enezinga eliphezulu lokuvunda, ifaneleka ukutshala izinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo. Umkhawulo omkhulu esiwushilo ngenhla amandla ayo amakhulu okugcina i-phosphorus isesimweni esingatholakali nge-bioavailable. Okusho ukuthi, inhlabathi ekwazi ukuba namazinga aphezulu e-phosphorus kodwa engeke isetshenziswe noma ifakwe izimpande zezitshalo. Lokhu kwenza umhlabathi ube mpofu kancane njengoba, nakuba unenani elikhulu lezakhamzimba, awukwazi ukusetshenziswa yisitshalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iningi lale nhlabathi litholakala ezindaweni ezinomqansa wokuma kwendawo, lapho ukuba khona kwezintaba-mlilo ezivuthayo kungaba nomthelela ekwakhekeni kwazo.
Uma inhlabathi itholakala ezindaweni ezinosizo oluphezulu kanye nezindawo eziwumqansa, kuvame ukuba yisici esikhawulelayo mayelana nokulinywa kwayo. Uma umhlabathi unokukhululeka okugqame kakhudlwana, ngeke ube nokusatshalaliswa okuphelele kumaphrofayili awo kanye nendawo lapho kutholakala khona imisoco edingekayo ukuze isitshalo sinikezwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele sicabangele ukugeleza kwamanzi ngokusebenzisa imvula. Ezindaweni ezitshekile, imvula idala ukugeleza okukhulu, okuzogcina kukhukhule ingxenye enkulu yezwe ngamazinga aphezulu omsoco, okwenza izitshalo zichume.
Lolu hlobo lwenhlabathi lubonakala ngokuba khona kwe-Andic horizon noma i-Vitric horizon. Lawo ma-Andic horizons acebile ngamaminerali afana ne-allophane futhi ane-humus ephezulu ne-aluminium complexes kuyilapho umkhathizwe we-Vitric uqukethe ingilazi yentaba-mlilo eningi. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nokuthi le nhlabathi yentaba-mlilo yakhiwa kanjani, ungavakashela isihloko sethu esithi kungani kuqhuma izintaba-mlilo futhi i izindabazingi okungase kuhlotshaniswe nawo.
Ukwakheka kwalolu hlobo lwenhlabathi kuncike kakhulu kwi isimo sezulu esisheshayo samakhemikhali, i-porosity, amandla okungena, inani lezinto ezicijile, kanye nokuba khona kwezinto eziphilayo. Zonke lezi zinto eziguqukayo yilezo ezichaza uhlobo lomhlabathi oluzokwakhiwa endaweni ethile.
Ama-propiedades
Kuzici ze-morphological ze-andosol ejwayelekile sithola ama-horizons e-AC noma e-ABC. Umkhawulo wokuqala uvame ukuba mnyama kakhulu futhi umanzi ukwedlula konke okunye. Okuqukethwe kwezinto eziphilayo kule ndawo ephezulu cishe kungu-8% yize kungatholakala ukuthi kunokufika kuma-30% ezintweni eziphilayo.
Iningi lale nhlabathi linamapayipi amahle wangaphakathi ngenxa yokuphakama kwawo okuphezulu. Ngakho-ke, zingumhlabathi othakazelisa kakhulu ngokombono wokunisela okuphumelelayo. Le porosity eshisayo ivimbela ukunqwabelana kwamanzi emvula, okuyisici esinqumayo sokuthuthukiswa kwezitshalo eziningi. Ukwengeza, ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nezintaba-mlilo kanye nobudlelwano bazo nemvelo, ungabuyekeza lesi sihloko.
Inenani elikhulu lamaminerali ezinja ze-magnesia njengoba enjalo i-olivine, ama-pyroxenes nama-amphiboles. Ibuye ibe ne-feldspars ne-quartz evela ezingxenyeni zesihlabathi nezodaka. Ukuzinza kwabo okuhle nokuhlangana kwamanzi okuphezulu kwenza le nhlabathi imelane nokuguguleka kwamanzi. Lokhu kungenye inzuzo ebaluleke kakhulu kubo ukuthi isetshenziswe ezitshalweni.
