Siyazi ukuthi ilukuluku lomuntu lokulawula yonke into liye laholela ekutholakaleni kwentuthuko enkulu kwezobuchwepheshe. Enye yezinkinga ezinkulu ezibhekene nesintu kuleli khulu leminyaka inkinga yamandla. Lokhu kusho ukuthi zonke izici ezidingekayo ukuze kwenziwe ukuhlanganisa izikhali zenuzi kumele zithuthukiswe. Yena china ilanga yokufakelwa sekuseduze nokuzuza ukuhlanganiswa kwezikhali zenuzi kanye nokuqeda izinkinga zenkinga yamandla.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ukuthi liyini ilanga lokwenziwa e-China, yiziphi izici zalo nokuthi libaluleke kangakanani ku-paradigm yamandla omhlaba.
Liyini ilanga lokwenziwa laseShayina
Balibiza ngokuthi ilanga lokwenziwa ngoba lisebenzisa umthombo wamandla ofanayo nenkanyezi yethu eseduze. Ingenye yentuthuko ethembisa kakhulu kwezesayensi, enegama lobuchwepheshe elibizwa ngokuthi i-fusion: umthombo wamandla ocishe uhlanzeke amandla amakhulu abewujaha amashumi eminyaka. Kangangoba eminyakeni engamashumi amahlanu edlule kuthiwa kwakusele amashumi amahlanu...
Nokho, kubonakala sengathi siyasondela. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, ngoba i-China isanda kwephula irekhodi lokusabela okude kakhulu kwe-nuclear fusion: 120 million degrees Celsius imizuzwana engu-101.
Okokuqala, sizoqhubeka sichaze ukuthi iyini ngempela i-nuclear fusion. Izitshalo ezivamile zamandla enuzi zisebenza ngokukhulula amandla ekuqhekekeni. Okusho ukuthi, "phula" i-athomu. Ngakho-ke, i-uranium ecebile eqhunyiswa ngama-neutron isetshenziselwa ukuqala ukusabela kweketanga lenuzi.
Lezi zimboni sezineminyaka engaphezu kwengxenye yekhulu zisebenza. Specific, Isikhungo sokuqala samandla enuzi esixhunywe kugridi saqedwa eSoviet Union ngo-1954. Nokho, njengoba uchungechunge lwezinhlekelele zenuzi zaseChernobyl lusibonisa, azinazo izingozi. Uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe mayelana nokuthi lezi zitshalo zisebenza kanjani, ungathintana nendatshana yethu ethi yini ilanga nokuthi ihlobana kanjani nokuthuthukiswa kwamandla.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, sinokusabela okungalawuleki kweketango. Nakuba imiphumela yayiyinhlekelele, izenzakalo ezinjalo azivamile neze. Inkinga yangempela nge-nuclear fission udoti owukhiqizayo, ongahlala uyingozi eyingozi amakhulu eminyaka.
Ngokuphambene, i-nuclear fusion noma ilanga lokwenziwa nikeza ikhono lokukhiqiza amandla ngokuphepha ngokumosha okuncane noma okungekho nhlobo. Ngenxa ye-carbon footprint yayo ephansi, ingaba ithuluzi elinamandla ekulweni nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Lesi sici sibalulekile, uma kubhekwa isidingo esiphuthumayo sezixazululo ezisimeme njengalezo ezihlolisiswe kuzo ucwaningo ngezici zelanga.
Ukuthi ukuhlanganiswa kwezikhali zenuzi kufinyelelwa kanjani
Kufinyelelwa kanjani? Empeleni, ihlanganisa ama-nuclei amabili alula ibe yi-nucleus eyodwa esindayo, iwabeke ngaphansi kwengcindezi enkulu kanye namazinga okushisa aphakeme kakhulu. Ukusabela kubuye kukhiphe amandla ngenxa yokuthi ama-nuclei avelayo mancane kakhulu kunama-nuclei amabili okuqala ewodwa.
Ngokuvamile, uphethiloli osetshenziselwa ukudala ilanga lokwenziwa lusekelwe ku-deuterium ne-tritium isotopes. I-Deuterium ingakhishwa emanzini olwandle, kuyilapho i-tritium ingakhishwa ku-lithium.. Zombili izakhi zichichima ngobuningi obuphelele, cishe azinamkhawulo uma ziqhathaniswa ne-uranium. Isibonelo, i-deuterium ilitha elilodwa lamanzi olwandle ingakhiqiza amandla alingana namalitha angamakhulu amathathu kawoyela.
Ukuze uqonde amandla akhishwe ngesikhathi sokuhlanganisa, kwanele ukucabangela ukuthi amagremu ambalwa kaphethiloli angakhiqiza ama-terajoules: eyanele ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zamandla zomuntu ezweni elithuthukile iminyaka eyisithupha. Leli khono liyisihloko socwaningo kumaphrojekthi ahlukahlukene ocwaningo mayelana namandla avuselelekayo kanye nokudala amafu okwenziwa kanye nomthelela wawo esimweni sezulu.
Ukusabela kwe-Fusion nakho kukhiqiza imfucuza. Iningi layo i-helium, igesi engasebenzi. Kodwa-ke, amanani amancane kadoti okhipha imisebe etholakala ku-tritium nawo akhiqizwa. Ngenhlanhla, zibola ngokushesha kakhulu kunozakwabo be-fission. Ngokucacile, zingasetshenziswa kabusha noma zigaywe kabusha esikhathini esingaphansi kweminyaka eyikhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-neutron flux ekhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokuhlanganisa ithinta izinto ezizungezile, kancane kancane zibe nemisebe ngaphandle kokuvikelwa. Ngakho-ke, ukuvikela isakhiwo se-reactor kuzoba esinye isici esibalulekile.
Lisebenza kanjani ilanga lokwenziwa laseShayina
Kulungile, manje sesinamafutha ethu e-tritium ne-deuterium, kanye nezimiso eziyisisekelo zokusebenza. Kodwa le nqubo isebenza kanjani ngempela? Lapha-ke, qala izingibe lapho usuka kuthiyori uye ekusebenzeni.
Njengoba sasilindele, kwakudingeka ukuba kufakwe izingcindezi namazinga okushisa aphezulu kakhulu. Kwanele ukushintsha uphethiloli ube yi-plasma eshisa kakhulu. Ama-athomu kufanele angqubuzane emazingeni okushisa okungenani ayizigidi eziyi-100 degrees Celsius, ngokucindezela okwanele kokuzisondeza ndawonye kangangokuthi ukukhanga kwenuzi kunqobe ukunyanyiswa kukagesi.
Ukusungula ukufana okuqinile kufana nokunqoba ukunyanyiswa kozibuthe ababili be-polarity efanayo uze ukwazi ukuhlanganisa ndawonye. Ukuze kuzuzwe lezi zimo ezimbi kakhulu, amasimu kazibuthe kanye nemishayo ye-laser enamandla isetshenziselwa ukugxila kuphethiloli. Uma isimo se-hyperhot plasma sesifinyelelwe, uphethiloli kufanele uqhubeke ungezwa ngenkathi uzama ukulawula ukukhishwa kokushisa okuphezulu ngaphandle kokucekela phansi i-reactor.
Kunjalo, ayikho into emhlabeni engamelana ne-100 million degrees Celsius ngaphandle kokuncibilika ngokushesha. Yilapho ukuvalelwa kwe-plasma kuqala khona, futhi lokhu kufinyelelwa ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zama-reactor, njengaleso esifundwe kumongo wamandla elanga.
Intuthuko yakamuva yokuhlanganisa izikhali zenuzi
Njengoba besilindele ekuqaleni, enye yentuthuko yakamuva ekuhlanganisweni kwezikhali zenuzi ihlanganisa i-China. NgoMeyi 2021, abacwaningi e-Southwest Institute of Physics (SWIP) e-Chengdu, e-China bamemezela ukuthi i-reactor yabo ye-HL-2M yephule wonke amarekhodi okuhlolwa kwe-nuclear fusion.
Nakuba kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi, inselele enkulu akukhona ukuhlangana ngokwako, njengoba kuye kwazuzwa kuma-reactor amaningi eminyakeni yamuva nje. Inselele yangempela iwukugcina isikhathi eside: abantu abambalwa abakwazi ukwenza ngaphezu kwemizuzwana embalwa.
Kulapho ososayensi be-SWIP bathola khona indondo yabo: bafinyelela izinga lokushisa elingu-150 million degrees Celsius imizuzwana engu-101. Irekhodi langaphambili laliphethwe yiSouth Korea ngemizuzwana engu-20.
Lesi sakhi esifana ne-tokamak sikhangiswa “njengelanga lokwenziwa,” kodwa empeleni sishisa ngokuphindwe kashumi kunenkaba yelanga. Wonke amehlo manje asebhejelweni enkulu kunazo zonke yamazwe ngamazwe kuze kube manje: ITER. Le phrojekthi enkulu ukuthi kuhilela amazwe angu-35 asanda kuqeda isigaba sokuqala sokwakha. Uma konke kuhamba kahle, i-reactor yokugcina izokwazi ukukhiqiza ama-megawatts kagesi angama-500 cishe ngo-2035.
Ngithemba ukuthi lolu lwazi lukusiza ukuthi ufunde kabanzi mayelana nelanga lokwenziwa lase-China nezici zalo.