Namuhla sizokhuluma nge-isotope esetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza amandla enuzi. Imayelana ne- deuterium. Ingenye yezinhlobo ze-isotope ze-hydrogen futhi imelwe ngophawu D noma 2H. Inikezwe igama elivamile le-hydrogen enzima ngenxa yokuthi isisindo sayo siphindwe kabili kune-proton. I-isotope ayilutho nje oluwuhlobo oluvela entweni eyodwa yamakhemikhali kodwa enenombolo yesisindo ehlukile. I-Deuterium isetshenziselwa izinjongo ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nezifundo ku exoplanets nasekuqondeni kwe i-hydrogen sulfide.
Ngakho-ke, sizonikezela le ndatshana ukukutshela ngazo zonke izici, ukwakheka, izakhiwo nokusetshenziswa kwe-deuterium.
Izici eziyinhloko
Umehluko phakathi kwe-deuterium ne-hydrogen kungenxa yokwehluka kwenani lama-neutron elinalo. Ngalesi sizathu, i-deuterium ibhekwa njenge-isotope ezinzile futhi ingatholwa kumakhemikhali akhiwa yi-hydrogen yemvelaphi yemvelo ngokuphelele. Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi, yize zivela emvelweni, zenzeka ngesilinganiso esincane. Ngokunikezwa kwezakhiwo inendawo efana ne-hydrogen ejwayelekile, ungayifaka esikhundleni sayo ngokuphelele ekuphenduleni lapho ibamba iqhaza khona. Ngale ndlela, ingaguqulwa ibe izinto ezifanayo.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu nezinye, i-deuterium inezinhlobo eziningi zezicelo ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zesayensi. Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, ibe ngenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukeni kwezobuchwepheshe nolwazi. Ngokuphathelene nalokhu, izenzakalo ezinjengalezi eziye zafundwa umkhathi weVenus ukuqonda kangcono umthelela wama-isotopes ahlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo lwayo luhlobene ne umkhathi wenyanga kanye nezici zabo.
Isakhiwo esikhulu sale isotopu sakhiwe nge-nucleus ene-proton ne-neutron. Inesisindo se-athomu cishe sama-2,014 amagremu. Le isotope yatholwa ngenxa kaHarold C. Urey, usokhemisi wase-United States, kanye nababambisene naye uFerdinand Brickwedde noGeorge Murphy, ngo-1931. Ukulungiselela ukuhlangana ne-deuterium esimweni sayo esimsulwa kwenziwa ngempumelelo okokuqala ngqa ngo-1933. Sekuvele ngama-50s lapho isigaba esiqinile esikhombise ukuzinza okukhulu, okwaziwa njenge-lithium deuteride, siqala ukusetshenziswa. Le nto ingashintsha i-deuterium ne-tritium enanini elikhulu lokuphendula kwamakhemikhali.
Intuthuko kwezesayensi kwenzeka lapho kutholakala into engenza kube lula ukusabela kwamakhemikhali ekukhiqizeni imikhiqizo. Ngalo mqondo, ukuchichima kwalesi isotope kuye kwafundwa ukuze kugcinwe izinto ezithile. Kutholwe ukuthi ingxenye ye-deuterium emanzini iyahlukahluka ngokuya ngendawo lapho isampula ithathwa khona. Kukhona ezinye izifundo spectroscopy ukuthi sinqume ukuba khona kwale isotope kwamanye amaplanethi emthaleni wethu. Lokhu kungabaluleka kakhulu ekutadisheni ukwakheka kwezinye izindikimba zasemkhathini, njengoba kuye kwenziwa ngazo Umkhathi weJupiter futhi uyiqhathanise nezinye izenzakalo zezinkanyezi.
Isakhiwo nemvelaphi ye-deuterium
Ake sifunde amaqiniso athile mayelana ne-deuterium. Njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwama-isotopes e-hydrogen usesakhiweni sawo. I-Hydrogen, i-deuterium, ne-tritium inenani elihlukile lama-proton ne-neutron, ngakho-ke anezindawo zamakhemikhali ezihlukene. Kufanele futhi kuqashelwe ukuthi i-deuterium ekhona ngaphakathi kweminye imizimba yezinkanyezi ikhishwa ngokushesha kunalokho ekhiqizwayo. Lesi esinye sezizathu zokuthi kungani kunzima kangaka ukufunda ukuba khona kwe-deuterium emizimbeni yezinkanyezi.
Ezinye izinto zemvelo zibhekwa njengeziyakha inani elincane le-deuterium, ngakho-ke ukukhiqizwa kwalo kuyaqhubeka nokukhiqiza intshisekelo enkulu namuhla. Kusukela kumaphesenti esesishilo ngaphambili mayelana nokuba khona kwe-deuterium emvelweni, ayifiki ku-0.02%. Uchungechunge lophenyo lwesayensi luveze ukuthi iningi lama-athomu akhiwe kusuka ku-deuterium ngokwemvelo avela ekuqhumeni okwadala umsuka wendawo yonke owaziwa ngokuthi Big Bang. Lezi ngesinye sezizathu eziyinhloko zokuthi kungani i-deuterium kucatshangwa ukuthi ikhona kumaplanethi amakhulu njengeJupiter, okubuye kube yisihloko socwaningo kumongo wama-probes afana ne-Jupiter. travel.
Indlela ejwayeleke kakhulu yokuthola le isotopu ngokwemvelo yilapho ihlanganiswa ne-hydrogen. Uma lokhu kwenzeka, izohlanganiswa ngendlela ye-protium. Ososayensi banentshisekelo yokwazi ubudlelwano obusungulwe phakathi kwengxenye ye i-deuterium ne-hydrogen emikhakheni ehlukene yesayensi. Ifundwa kabanzi emagatsheni esayensi afana nesayensi yezinkanyezi kanye ne-climatology. Kulawa magatsha kunomsebenzi ongokoqobo ukwazi nokuqonda umkhathi nomkhathi wethu, ngaphezu kokufaka isandla ekutadisheni umphumela wemisebe.
Izici ze-deuterium
Sizokwazi ukuthi yiziphi izinto eziyinhloko le isotopu ye-hydrogen enazo. Into yokuqala okufanele uyenze ukwazi ukuthi yini i-isotope engenazo izici ezinemisebe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinzile impela emvelweni. Ingasetshenziselwa ukufaka esikhundleni i-hydrogen ezinhlakalweni ezahlukahlukene zamakhemikhali. Ngokuba nokuzinza okukhulu ngokwemvelo, ikhombisa isimilo esihlukile kwi-hydrogen ejwayelekile. Lokhu kwenzeka kukho konke ukusabela okunemvelo yamakhemikhali. Kuyadingeka ukuthi wazi ngaphambi kokufaka esikhundleni, ukuthi yize ingafinyelelwa ngokushintshanisa i-hydrogen nge-deuterium ekuphendukeni kwamakhemikhali, kufanele kwaziwe ukuthi bazoba nokuziphatha okuhlukile.
Lapho kushintshwa ama-athomu amabili e-hydrogen asemanzini, ingxube eyaziwa ngokuthi amanzi asindayo ingatholwa. I-hydrogen ekhona olwandle futhi esesimweni se-deuterium inikeza kuphela inani elingu-0,016% maqondana ne-protium. Emkhathini, le isotopu inomkhuba wokuhlangana ngokushesha ukuze yakhe i-helium. Uma sihlanganisa i-deuterium ne-atomic oxygen, sibona ukuthi iba uhlobo olunobuthi. Naphezu kwalokhu, i-deuterium inamakhemikhali afana kakhulu nalawo e-hydrogen.
Enye impahla yale isotopu ukuthi lapho ama-athomu e-deuterium engaphansi kwenqubo yokuhlangana kwe-nuclear emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, kungadedelwa amandla amakhulu, okwenza i-deuterium ibe yinto ebalulekile ocwaningweni ukuhlanganiswa kwenuzi. Kuyi-exodus, ufundele ukuthi ukwazi ukusebenzisa i-nuclear fusion emhlabeni wethu. Ezinye izinto ezibonakalayo ezifana nendawo abilayo, ukushisa kokuhwamuka, amaphuzu amathathu kanye nokuminyana zinamakhulu amakhulu kunalawo e-hydrogen.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi nge-deuterium nezici zayo.