Lapho sifunda noma sizwa izwi ecotone Kuvame kakhulu ngathi ukudida umqondo nokuthile okuhlobene nethoni yemvelo. Leli yigama elingasetshenziswa kululumagama lwansuku zonke, ngakho-ke, incazelo yalo ayaziwa ngokuvamile. I-ecotone ayilutho nje ngaphandle kwendawo yoguquko yemvelo phakathi kwezinhlelo zemvelo ezimbili ezihlukene neziseduze.
Kule ndatshana sizokutshela ukuthi ziyini izici ze-ecotone nokuthi zakhiwa kanjani.
Yini i-ecotone
I-ecotone indawo yemvelo ekhona phakathi kwe-ecosystem enezici ezihlukile. Isibonelo, singathola indawo yoguquko phakathi kwehlathi nethafa. Ihlathi aligcini endaweni ethile, kodwa liyancipha kancane kancane ngobuningi. Umngcele we-ecology phakathi kwe-ecosystem ungade ube amamitha angamakhulu ambalwa noma amakhilomitha. Amasistimu angaba:
- Ama-Biomes. I-biome yindawo yezwe echazwe ngochungechunge lwezici zesimo sezulu kanye nokwakheka komhlaba okunquma uhlaza nezilwane esizithola kuwo.
- Namathafa.Uma sihlaziya ukuma kwezwe, singabona ukuthi ukuphela kohlobo lwe-ecosystem akuchazwanga ngokuphelele; kunalokho, njengendawo yemvelo, inezigaba zayo zokuguquka, phakathi kwalapho indawo eyodwa iphela futhi elandelayo iqala.
- Izinhlelo zemvelo.I-ecosystem yindawo lapho kuhlangana khona izinhlobo eziningi ezihlangana zodwa futhi ezinezakhi ze-abiotic.
- Imiphakathi noma abantu. Kulokhu, sikhuluma ngezinhlobo zezitshalo nezinhlobo zezihlahla. Yizinhlobo ezimele kakhulu izindawo eziguqukayo phakathi kwezinhlelo ezahlukahlukene.
Kungani ifomu le-ecotone
Lezi zindawo zenguquko zakhiwa ngenxa yesenzo sokuhlukahluka komzimba nokwemvelo. Phakathi kwezici ezinethonya elikhulu kukhona isimo sezulu, ubume bendawo, ukwakheka nokwakheka kwenhlabathi noma ubukhona bezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zabantu, noma ngabe kuyizilwane noma izitshalo, okubizwa nge-biotope.
Kuye ngalezi ziguquguqukayo namanani azo, inguquko ingaba ngokushesha kakhulu noma kancane kancane. Isibonelo, ukuba khona kwendlela yomfula kungaba ukuphela kwesimiso esisodwa kanye nokuqala kwesinye ngokuzumayo, njengasendabeni ye Umfula i-Orinoco. Nokho, ukuba khona kwentaba nomthambeka omkhulu kungabangela ukuphela kwehlathi kancane kancane.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi le ndawo emaphakathi ine-confluence enkulu yezinto eziphilayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kunokusebenzisana phakathi kwezinhlobo zezilwane ezindaweni eziseduze. Siphinde futhi sithole umcebo omkhulu wezinto eziphilayo. Njengoba ukuxhumana okukhulu kukhona phakathi kwabantu bezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene, ukulungiswa okuningi kuyokwenzeka kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lwendawo noma i-biotope. Lesi senzakalo saziwa njengomphumela onqenqemeni.
Uhlobo ngalunye noma umphakathi wezinhlobo ezithile usebenza ngendlela ethile kuye ngezimo zemvelo ezikhona ku-ecotone. Isibonelo, lezi zimo kungenzeka kungenxa ye- uhlobo lwe-pH yenhlabathi, izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile, isigameko semisebe yelanga, umbuso womoya noma inani lamanzi atholakalayo, phakathi kwabanye. Ngokucabangela amanani alezi ziguquko nokusebenzisana phakathi kwezidalwa eziphilayo, singabona ukuthi uhlobo ngalunye luzofeza ngokukhethekile umsebenzi ngaphakathi kwe-ecotone. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi i-ecological niche. Singathola izindawo zemvelo lapho imisebenzi yomuntu ngamunye ephilayo ingaba abahleli, ababolayo, abathuthi noma abahlinzeki, phakathi kwabanye.
Izinhlobo ze-Ecotone
Njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze-ecotone ngokuya ngohlobo lwe-ecosystem olukhona phakathi kwendawo yezinguquko. Lezi zindawo zingahlukaniswa noma zihlukaniswe ngezigaba ngezindlela ezahlukene.
1Âş Uma sibhekisa ohlotsheni lwe-biome, ama-ecotone azonqunywa yizimo zezulu ezifana ne amanzi, izinga lokushisa kanye nesimo sendawo.
2nd Uma sibhekisa ohlotsheni lwe-landscape, ama-ecotones azobonakala ngokuthiwa uhlobo lwesimo sezulu, isimo sendawo kanye nezinye izici zamakhemikhali zenhlabathi nazo zingafakwa.
Okwesithathu uma sikhuluma ngama-ecotones wabantu noma imiphakathi, kufanele sikhulume ngakho ithonya lokusebenzisana phakathi kwezinhlobo nomphumela wazo ekwakhiweni nasatshalalisweni kwazo.
Sizobeka izibonelo ze-ecotones nezimpawu zazo:
I-Tundra ne-taiga enehlathi elibusayo
Uma siya eMelika naseYurophu siyabona ukuthi kunemingcele phakathi kwe-tundra kanye nehlathi elibolile. Lesi yisibonelo se-ecotone phakathi kwama-biomes amabili ahlukene abonakala ngokuba nesimo sezulu esihlukile phakathi kwalowo nalowo kubo. Ku-tundra sithola izindawo ezibandayo ezinamazinga okushisa angadluli kuma-degree ayishumi ngokwesilinganiso. Imvula imvamisa iba ngama-250mm ngonyaka. Esinye sezici ezivelele kule ndawo yi-permafrost. Kuyinhlabathi ehlala iqandisiwe unyaka wonke.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, sinehlathi elibushelelezi eliseningizimu yetundras. Kulesi simiso semvelo izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile lisuka kuma-30 degrees ngaphansi kuka-zero kuya kuma-19 degrees. Imvula yayo iphakathi kuka-400 no-450 mm ngonyaka. Ngakho-ke, i-ecotone eyakhayo phakathi kwalawa ma-biomes amabili ayinaso isandiso esiningi. Kodwa-ke, eYurophu singathola i-ecotone efinyelela kumakhilomitha angama-200. Ibonakala ngokuba indawo eyizicucu lapho kunezindawo ezimbozwe amahlathi aminyene futhi ezinye lapho kubusa ulele ne-heather.
Amaxhaphozi angolunye uhlobo lwe-ecosomatic oluzungeza i-ecosystem yasemhlabeni nesemanzini, edlala indima ebalulekile ekukhunjweni kwemvelo, okwenza ukongiwa kwawo kubaluleke kakhulu. Le ndawo isiza ukuthuthukisa izinga lamanzi ngokubamba inhlabathi, ukumunca imisoco, nokukhipha amakhemikhali. Lawa ma-ecotones angaba:
- I-Oasis ehlane.
- Ihlathi-i-savanna-desert.
- Indawo yehlathi-páramo-izimila ezinokuphakama okuphansi.
- Litoral
Njengoba ubona, kuyadingeka ukonga zonke lezi zindawo zejografi ngoba zibaluleke kakhulu ngokwesayensi yezinto eziphilayo. Ziwushintsho lwezinhlobo ezahlukene zempilo emhlabeni wonke eziqhubeka nokuba negalelo ekuthuthukisweni kwezidalwa eziphilayo.
