El I-Cenozoic Kuyinkathi ehlukaniswe izinkathi ezimbili ezaziwa ngokuthi I-Pleistocene y Holocene. IHolocene yisikhathi sokugcina esaziwayo ngoba kulapho iplanethi yethu ikhona njengamanje. Kwaqala eminyakeni eyi-12.000 eyedlule, impela i-10.000 BC futhi sisekhona eHolocene namuhla. Le nkathi ihlanganisa iningi lentuthuko yesintu selokhu kwavela i- Homo sapiens kubuchwepheshe esinabo namuhla.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela konke odinga ukukwazi mayelana nesikhathi se-Holocene.
Izici ezijwayelekile
Ngalesi sikhathi iplanethi ishintshe kakhulu. Izinguquko eziningi eziye zabonwa zisezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo njengoba isenzo somuntu wanamuhla ezinkulungwaneni zezinhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane kubangela ukushabalala kwazo. Abantu sebeyizilwane ezihamba phambili emhlabeni naphezu kokudala umonakalo omkhulu.
IHolocene inweba cishe iminyaka eyi-12.000 futhi ihlanganisa yonke intuthuko yabantu, kuhlanganise nokusungulwa kwamaqembu okuqala omphakathi kanye nempucuko yabantu yokuqala. Kukhona futhi intuthuko enkulu yamasiko, ubuhlakani kanye nezobuchwepheshe eye yavumela ukuthuthukiswa kwamasiko ahlukahlukene, njengoba kushiwo esihlokweni esithi. isiko Indus Valley. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukushabalala kwezinhlobo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo, okuhlobene nezigameko zabantu, kungenye yezindaba ezidinga ukunakwa, njengoba kuchazwe kabanzi abantu ababangela ukushabalala.
Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, kube nokushabalala okukhulu kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo okuye kwabonwa ngenqubo eqhubekayo nehlala njalo. Lezi zinhlobo zazo zombili izilwane nezitshalo ziye zancipha kakhulu ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu. Yonke le nqubo ichazwe ngochwepheshe njengenye yezinqubo zokuqothulwa ezimbi kakhulu ezake zenzeka emhlabeni wethu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi imbangela yokushabalala yayingabangelwa yizimo zemvelo kodwa ngenxa yezinhlobo zezilwane ezihlala kulo mhlaba futhi osekuyizona ezihamba phambili.
Ngesikhathi seHolocene kubhekwa ukuthi kunenkathi yokuhlangana phakathi kwabantu. Okusho ukuthi, isikhathi lapho ukupholisa okunamandla kuphela futhi indawo encane imbozwe yiqhwa. Enye inkathi yeqhwa kulindeleke ukuthi yenzeke esikhathini esizayo esingekude kakhulu, njengoba izifundo zamanje nolwazi oluvela kumarekhodi ezinto ezimbiwa phansi zibonisa ukuthi enye inkathi yeqhwa isizoqala. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukutadisha izinguquko zesimo sezulu kuwo wonke umlando, njengoba kwenza inkathi yeqhwa elandelayo eSpain y Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu eCape Horn.
IHolocene Geology
Ngokuqondene nokwakheka komhlaba, yisikhathi lapho kube khona ukubaluleka okuncane kusukela lapho Akuzange kube nezinguquko ezinkulu ekunyakazeni kwe-orogenic noma ekucushweni kwamazwekazi. Ezinye izingcezu okwakungezezwekazi elikhulu elaziwa ngokuthi iPangea ziye zaqhubeka nokunyakaza, kodwa ngesivinini esiphansi kunasezikhathini zasendulo. Ibanga elihanjwe amazwekazi kusukela ekuqaleni kwalesi sikhathi kuze kube namuhla yikhilomitha elilodwa kuphela. Nokho, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi izixuku zasezwekazini azisoze zayeka ukuhamba, futhi kulindeleke ukuthi phakathi neminyaka eyizigidi ezimbalwa ziphinde zingqubuzane futhi zakhe elinye izwekazi elikhulu.
Ngalesi sikhathi, kube nokukhuphuka kwezinga lolwandle ngenxa yokuncibilika kwezinguzunga zeqhwa. Izindawo eziningi manje ezicwile ngaphansi kwamanzi ekuqaleni zatholakala zakha amabhuloho phakathi kwezifunda. Ngalo mqondo, kungathiwa ukuncibilika akuzange kudalwe inqubo kancane kancane kodwa kube nezikhathi lapho Ukuncibilika kweqhwa kwafinyelela eziqongweni ezithile, kwabangela ukukhuphuka okungazelelwe okwengeziwe kwezinga lolwandle.. Lesi sici siyisisekelo sokuqonda ukuthi i- ubucwebe kube nomthelela emhlabeni kanye nendlela izilwane zeHolocene ezingase zithinteke ngayo.
Uma kucatshangelwa le datha, kungaphethwa ngokuthi izinga lolwandle likhuphuke ngamamitha angama-35 kusukela ekuqaleni kweHolocene. Iqiniso elikhathazayo ukuthi kule minyaka engu-25 edlule, izinga lolwandle liye lenyuka futhi ngenani elicishe libe ngu-3 mm ngonyaka, okuyisilinganiso esishesha kancane uma siqhathaniswa namazinga ajwayelekile. Lokhu kungenxa yokwanda komphumela we-greenhouse, obangela izinga lokushisa emhlabeni wonke futhi kubangelwa isenzo samagesi athile akwazi ukugcina ukushisa.
Isimo sezulu seHolocene
Amazinga okushisa ngalesi sikhathi athambile kakhulu kunasezinkathini ezedlule. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi yinkathi yeqhwa. Isilinganiso sokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa sasiphakathi kuka-4 no-9 degrees. Ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke bekungafani, kanti ezinye izifunda ziba nokwanda okukhulu kanti ezinye zibe nokuncipha okuncane. Izindawo ezibe nokuphola okukhulu kakhulu yilezo eziseningizimu.
Kwezinye izifunda osekunesikhathi eside zinesimo sezulu esiwugwadule, amazinga emvula aqala ukwanda, ekhombisa ukuthi isimo sezulu sishintshe kanjani kuyo yonke iHolocene. Lokhu kuguquka kwesimo sezulu kubonakala ezilwaneni nasezimila ezizivumelanisa nezimo ezintsha, njengoba kuchazwe kabanzi izilwane zeHolocene.
Izimbali nezilwane
Ukuthuthukiswa kwempilo ngesikhathi seHolocene ayinikezi ukuguqulwa okuningi kakhulu kumbono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Umkhuba ophawuleka kakhulu ongabonakala eminyakeni yamuva nje ukuthi izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo seziqale ukunyamalala ngokushesha kunanini ngaphambili. Abaningi bahlobanisa lokhu kwehla kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo nokuvela kwabantu, njengoba kuboniswe ku ukushabalala okukhulu. Ukuqothulwa kuyaqhubeka kuze kube namuhla, lapho inani elikhulu lezinhlobo zezilwane lisengozini.
Izitshalo ezisatshalaliswa kakhulu ezingeni leplanethi zingama-angiosperms. Izifunda ezishisayo eziseduze nenkabazwe yilezo ezinenani elikhulu lamahlathi anomswakama, anothile ngezitshalo nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Ezindaweni eziseduze nezigxobo, izimila zishintsha kakhulu. Izitshalo zasehlathini ezinamahlamvu nezinomswakama zithatha indawo yezinye izinhlobo zezihlahla ezijwayele izinga lokushisa eliphansi.
Ngokuqondene nezilwane, izilwane azikahluka kakhulu ngesikhathi se-Holocene. Izinhlobo ezikwazile ukusinda ngalesi sikhathi azikaze zibe noshintsho noma ukuziphendukela kwemvelo. Okuye kwagcizelelwa futhi kwanwetshwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukushabalala kwezilwane zasemhlabeni nezasolwandle. Konke lokhu kubangelwa isenzo somuntu kanye nesifiso sakhe sokunqoba iplanethi, njengoba kubonakala emthelela onawo ekulinganiseni kwemvelo.
