Umuntu, njengezinye izinhlobo, ubuye waba nezinye izinhlobo zamadlozi. Enye yazo yi- Homo habilis. Kubhekwa njengokhokho omdala wohlobo lwethu futhi kwatholakala ngenxa yezinsalela zokuqala. Ukubonakala kweHomo habilis kwenzeka cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-2.4 edlule. Yahlala eMhlabeni iminyaka ecishe ibe ngu-800 XNUMX futhi yaqondana nabanye okhokho bayo, njengoHomo erectus noHomo rudolfensis.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela konke izici, umsuka, indima yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kanye nelukuluku le-Homo habilis.
Izici eziyinhloko
Izinsalela zokuqala ezitholakele zale nhlobo yokhokho bomuntu zenzekile e-Afrika. Ngenxa yekhono elenzelwe lesi sibonelo ukukwazi ukukhohlisa izinto yingakho lathola leli gama. Yethula ukuhlakanipha okuphakeme kunabanye okhokho abaziwa ngokuthi i-Australopithecus. Okuningi kokuthuthuka kokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwalolu hlobo kungenxa yokuthi yaqala ukufaka inyama ekudleni kwayo, okuhlobene nezinye iziqephu zokuziphendukela kwemvelo emlandweni weHomo. Iningi lama-micronutrients atholakala enyameni asize ukukhiqiza amakhono amasha okuqonda. Amaduna ayemakhulu kakhulu kunezinsikazi futhi ayenama-bipedal.
Yize yayiyi-bipedal, yayisagcina i-morphology ethile ehlukile kumuntu wamanje. Izingalo zakhe zazizinde kakhulu futhi zasebenza njengokweseka ukunyakaza okuthile okungazelelwe. Babenomumo ofana nezinkawu ezinkulu zanamuhla. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, babeseneminwe ebasiza ukukhuphuka ezihlahleni kalula. Ngaphandle kokucabanga kwakho, vBabehlala ngamaqembu futhi benesakhiwo esihlelekile. Lokhu kuziphatha komphakathi kufana nokwezinye izinhlobo ze-hominid ezingaphenywa ku- Izilwane zePleistocene kanye nalo Izilwane ze-quaternary.
Umsuka weHomo habilis
Igama likaHomo habilis livela eqinisweni lokuthi izinsalela zezitsha ezenziwe ngamatshe ezazenziwe ngabantu balolu hlobo zitholakale. Ivele cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezi-2.6 edlule futhi yaphila kwaze kwaba cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-1.6 edlule. Lolu hlobo luphila kusukela nge-Pleistocene ngezikhathi ze-Gelasian ne-Calabrian. Le nkathi yangaphambi komlando lapho le ngxenye yomuntu ithuthukiswa kakhulu yayibonakala ngokuncipha kwemvula. Isomiso sasinzima kangangokuthi sabangela izinkinga ezinkulu ekuthuthukisweni kwezitshalo nezilwane.
Ngokungafani nalokho okwenzeka ngeHomo erectus, lolu hlobo aluzange lushiye izwekazi. Zonke izinsalela ezitholakele zitholwe e-Afrika. Lokhu kwenza yonke indawo yaseTanzania ibhekwe njengesiqalo sobuntu. Ngo-1964, uchungechunge lwezinsalela okungenzeka lwaqala ukutholakala, futhi kokubili amathambo nezinye izakhi zahlaziywa. Yilapho abaqaphela khona ukutholakala. Lolu hlobo lwahlukaniswa ngokuthi iHomo habilis futhi lwalubhekwa njengohlobo olusha phakathi kohlobo lwabantu.
Ekusabalaliseni kwayo ngokwezindawo sithola izwekazi lase-Afrika, nakuba kunemisinga yesayensi ephakamisa eminye imibono. Futhi i-hominid yavela ezindaweni zase-Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania kanye naseMpumalanga Afrika. Nakuba kunokuningi okutholwe kuyi-paleontology, abukho ubufakazi bokuthi lolu hlobo lwezilwane lwake lwathuthela kwamanye amazwekazi. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nalesi sikhathi se-geological, ungahlola I-Pleistocene nezilwane zayo.
Indima kaHomo habilis ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo
Lolu hlobo lwabantu lube nokuhambisana okukhulu nokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, kwakucatshangwa ukuthi umugqa wokuziphendukela kwemvelo oholela kubantu wawulula kakhulu. Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi ivela e-Australopithecus, ngokusebenzisa i-Homo erectus bese kuba yi-Neanderthals. Kungaleso sikhathi lapho iHomo sapiens isivele yavela khona. Okwakungaziwa kuze kube yileso sikhathi ukuthi kukhona yini enye inhlobo ephakathi kwalaba bantu. Okuwukuphela kwezinsalela ezitholakele ze-Homo erectus zazitholakale ezwenikazi lase-Asia futhi akukho lutho olwaluhlobene ne-Afrika.
Ngenxa yokutholwa eTanzania, izikhala ezimbalwa olwazini lwethu lokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwabantu zavalwa. Abacwaningi baphethe ngokuthi izinsalela ezitholakele zibonakala ziyizinhlobo ezintsha zohlobo lweHomo. Futhi lezi zinsalela zahlangabezana nazo zonke izidingo ezidingekayo ukuze zibe zalolu hlobo. Lezi zidingo zifaka ukuma okuqondile, i-bipedalism, kanye nekhono lokuphatha amathuluzi athile. Wonke la makhono aholela esiphethweni sokuthi yayiyingxenye yohlobo olusha lwe-Homo. Okwayenza ihluke kakhulu kwezinye izinhlobo zakamuva kwakuwumthamo wayo we-cranial, ngaleso sikhathi owawumancane kakhulu.
Umehluko owawukhona nge-Australopithecus wawumbalwa. Lokhu kwenza uHomo habilis abe yisandulela esidala kunazo zonke zomuntu wanamuhla. Kuze kube muva nje, kwakucatshangwa ukuthi iHomo habilis ne-erectus zivela komunye nomunye. Kodwa-ke, okunye okutholakele kwesimanje okwenziwe ngo-2007 ukwazile ukubeka ukungabaza ngalokhu. Lezi zingcweti zithi uHomo habilis wakwazi ukuphila isikhathi eside kunaleso esasicatshangwa ngaphambili. Futhi uma senza izibalo, leli qiniso lingenza phakathi neminyaka engaba ngu-500.000 yomlando zombili lezi zinhlobo zazingaphila ndawonye.
Ngaphandle kokungabaza, lokhu ukutholwa okuhle kososayensi. Ukungabaza kuphakama mayelana nobudlelwano phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo ezimbili, futhi umbuzo wokuthi ingabe i-erectus ivikelwe ngokumelene ne-habilis isekhona nanamuhla. Ukuhlalisana kwabo akuphikiswa, nakuba kuvame ukuvezwa ukuthi kwakunohlobo oluthile lokulwela imithombo ngaphandle kwegazi. Umphumela wokuzabalazela izinsiza kwaba ukuthi uHomo erectus uqhamuke enqobile. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, i-Homo habilis yaqala ukunyamalala.
Umzimba
Siyazi ukuthi phakathi kwezici zokuqhathanisa phakathi kwe-Homo habilis ne-Australopithecus, sibona ukwehla kumakhasimende ayo amaningi. Izinyawo zabo ziyefana nezanamuhla futhi bahamba cishe ngamabili. Ngokuqondene nogebhezi, isimo sasiyindilinga ngaphezu kokhokho balo. Ubuso bakhe babuphawulwe nge-prognathism encane kune-Australopithecus.
Uma simqhathanisa nomuntu wamanje, siyabona ukuthi wayengekho ngobukhulu obukhulu ngokukhethekile. Amadoda angalinganisa amamitha ayi-1.4 kanye nesisindo esingamasentimitha angama-52. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abesifazane babebancane kakhulu. Bafinyelela imitha eyodwa kuphela ubude futhi banesisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-34 ngokwesilinganiso. Lokhu kubonise i-dimorphism yocansi ephawulwe kahle.