Enye yezimpicabadala ezinkulu zabacwaningi nososayensi ukwakheka komkhathi. Muva nje, i-European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) ibizama ukuthola inhlayiya entsha eyaziwa ngokuthi i-axion, enganikeza ngokokuqala ulwazi ngezenzakalo ezenzeka eMkhathini ngomzuzwana owodwa nje ngemva kokuqhuma okukhulu.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela konke odinga ukukwazi mayelana i-axion, inhlayiya engachaza i-Big Bang.
Ama-axions nezinto ezimnyama
Ekuqaleni eyaphakanyiswa ngawo-1970 isazi sesayensi yemvelo uRoberto Peccei kanye nozakwabo uHelen Quinn, i-axion iyizinhlayiya eziyisisekelo ezivela kuhlaka lwethiyori okuhloswe ngalo ukubhekana nombuzo ngaphakathi kwe-quantum chromodynamics (QCD), inkolelo-mbono echaza ukusebenzisana phakathi kwama-quarks nama-gluons. . Lo mbuzo ungowokuthi "inkinga yokonga ngokulingana," okubonisa ukuthi izici ezithile kufanele zihlale zingashintshiwe ukusebenzisana kwenuzi. Ukwethulwa kwe-axion isebenza njengendlela yokubuyisela le symmetry.
Phakathi kwezici eziphawuleka kakhulu ze-axion wumsebenzi wayo ongaba khona njengengxenye ye udayi olumnyama, olumelela cishe amaphesenti angama-27 engqikithi yengqikithi yendawo yonke. Into emnyama ayikhiphi ukukhanya noma i-radioactivity, iyenza ingabonakali futhi ibonakale kuphela ngethonya layo lamandla adonsela phansi. Uma ama-axion efakazelwa ukuthi akhona, angaba yinala endaweni yonke, enikeza isizathu semvelo engaqondakali yento emnyama njengezinhlayiya ezilula kakhulu futhi okunzima ukuzibona.
I-Big Bang kanye nezinhlayiya ze-axionic
Ukuqhuma kokuqala okwaziwa ngokuthi i-Big Bang, okwaqala ukwakheka kwendawo yonke, kuyisenzakalo esihlolwe amamodeli nemibono eminingi ye-cosmological. Kukholakala ukuthi ngokushesha ngemva kweBig Bang, kwavela izinhlayiya ezihlukahlukene nemisebe. Uma ama-axion ekhona, kungenzeka ukuthi akhiqizwa ngamanani amakhulu phakathi nalesi sigaba sokuqala, edlala indima ekuziphendukeleni kwendawo yonke.
Ucwaningo lwe-Axion lubalulekile hhayi nje ngezinto ezimnyama, kodwa futhi nokwenza ngcono ukuqonda kwethu indawo yonke phakathi nezigaba zayo zokukhula. Njengoba i-Big Bang yakhiqiza izinhlayiya ezihlukahlukene, ukuba khona okungenzeka kwama-axion kunganikeza ulwazi mayelana nenhlangano yomlando yezinto kanye namandla.
Iluphi ulwazi esinalo ngomlando Wendawo Yonke?
Namuhla, ukuhlaziywa kwe-electromagnetic spectrum ye-Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) ivumele ososayensi ukuthi balandelele emuva cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-14 kuya esikhathini lapho i-Universe yayipholile ngokwanele ukuze ama-proton nama-electron ahlangane okokuqala kubangele ukwakheka kwe-hydrogen engathathi hlangothi.
Ama-photon atholwe ekubonweni kwe-Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) akhishwa eminyakeni engu-400.000 ngemva kwe-Big Bang, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukucacisa umlando wendawo yonke ngaphambi kwalesi sikhathi.
Kodwa-ke, abacwaningi abathathu baseBrithani baye bahlongoza inkolelo-mbono ebonisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuba khona kwezinhlayiya ezaziwa ngokuthi i-axion, okuyinto Kungenzeka ukuthi yakhishwa phakathi nomzuzwana wokuqala womlando wendawo yonke. Nakuba le zinhlayiya zihlala ziyi-hypothetical, kunezizathu eziningi zokukholelwa ukuthi i-axion ingaba khona ngempela ngaphakathi kwe-Universe.
Iyini ngempela i-axion?
Ama-axion ayizinhlayiya eziyisisekelo zethiyori, okuthi, nakuba zisacatshangelwa, zingaxazulula imibuzo ethile eyinkimbinkimbi ngaphakathi kwemibono yezinhlayiyana zesimanje.
Ukuba khona kwe-axion kungasiza ekuxazululeni inkinga ye-CP symmetry eqinile, ephathelene nebhalansi phakathi kwezinto ne-antimatter. Eqinisweni, ingase inikeze incazelo engokwemvelo yokufana okuphawulekayo kwezakhiwo zento ne-antimatter, ngenkathi sinikeza ulwazi phezu kokubusa kwendaba ngaphezu kwe-antimatter endaweni yonke.
Ama-Axions anganikeza ulwazi mayelana "nendaba emnyama" engaqondakali yenza ama-23% e-Universe. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi lezi zinhlayiya zimelela omunye wamakhandidethi athembisayo kakhulu ekunikeleni odabeni olungabonakali, noma udaba olumnyama, olwavela ngokushesha ngemva kokuqhuma Okukhulu.
I-axion kanye nendima yayo kumongo wendaba emnyama
Uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi izinto ezimnyama zingase zibe nama-axion akhiqizwa ngobuningi ngemva kwe-Big Bang, abacwaningi basebenza ngokuzikhandla ukuze bahlonze izinto ezimnyama ze-axionic ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka.
Iphepha elishicilelwe ku-Physical Review D liphakamisa ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kwamathuluzi azwela kakhulu okuhloswe ngawo ukuthola izinto ezimnyama kungase kuholele ekutholakaleni kwesinye inkomba yama-axion, eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-CaB. Leli gama lisho i-axion efana ne-Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) futhi ibizwa nge-Cosmic Axion Background. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokufana kwezakhiwo phakathi kwe-CaB nama-axion wento emnyama, kunobungozi bokuthi isignali ye-CaB ingase ichithwe njengomsindo kuzilungiselelo zokuhlola.
Ososayensi, ukuhlonzwa kwe-CaB kuzomela ukutholwa kabili. Ngeke nje iqinisekise ubukhona be-axion, kodwa izophinde inikeze insalela entsha ye-Universe yokuqala emphakathini wesayensi. Indlela i-CaB eyakhiwe ngayo ingadalula izici ezingaziwa kuze kube manje mayelana nokwakheka nokuvela kwe-Universe.
Izindlela zokuthola i-axion
Ukuhlolwa okwenziwe yi-CERN bekuhloswe ukuthola i-axion. Ukuhlolwa okuklanyelwe ukuhlonza izinhlayiya ze-axion kuhilela ukusetshenziswa kwemigodi ye-microwave enomsindo, elinganiselwe ubukhulu be-axion, ebekwe ngaphakathi kwezizibuthe ezinamandla. Le ndlela yokusebenza okwamanje isetshenziswa ocwaningweni lwe-ADMX eNyuvesi yaseWashington kanye inamandla okubona i-axion, uma kwenzeka into emnyama yenziwe ama-axion ngokuphelele.
Indlela eyengeziwe yokuthola ama-axion ihilela ukusetshenziswa kwama-helioscope, aklanyelwe ngokukhethekile ukuhlonza ama-axion akhiqizwa ngaphakathi eLangeni Lokhu kufezwa ngokusebenzisa uzibuthe onamandla ohambisana nama-X-ray detectors anesizinda esiphansi kakhulu. Nakuba bungekho ubufakazi bama-axion obutholakele kuze kube manje, ukuhlolwa kwe-CAST, okuhlanganisa iminikelo yabacwaningi baseNyuvesi yaseZaragoza, kunqobe imikhawulo ye-astrophysical futhi kwavula isifunda esasingahloliwe ngaphambili ukuze sihlolwe.
