Indaba ingatholakala ezifundeni ezihlukahlukene ezihlanganisiwe, kuhlanganise okuqinile, amagesi noketshezi; Kodwa-ke, kunezinye izinhlobo zezifunda ezingaziwayo kancane, enye yazo eyaziwa ngokuthi I-Bose-Einstein condensate, kubhekwa osokhemisi abaningi, ososayensi nezazi zefiziksi njengesimo sesihlanu sendaba.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ukuthi iyini i-condensate ye-Bose-Einstein, izici zayo, izinhlelo zokusebenza nokunye okuningi.
Iyini i-condensate ye-Bose-Einstein
I-Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC) iyisimo sendaba ehlanganisiwe, njengezimo ezijwayelekile: igesi, uketshezi nokuqinile, kodwa Kwenzeka emazingeni okushisa aphansi kakhulu, eduze kakhulu noziro ngokuphelele.
Iqukethe izinhlayiya ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-bosons, okuthi kulawa mazinga okushisa, ahlale endaweni ephansi ye-quantum yamandla eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-ground state. U-Albert Einstein wabikezela lokhu ngo-1924 ngemva kokufunda iphepha lezibalo ze-photon elithunyelwe kuye isazi sefiziksi saseNdiya uSatyendra Bose.
Akulula ukuthola amazinga okushisa adingekayo ukuze kwakheke ama-condensate e-Bose-Einstein elabhorethri, isizathu sokuthi kungani kuze kube ngu-1995 kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba nobuchwepheshe obudingekayo. Ngalowo nyaka, izazi zefiziksi zaseMelika u-Eric Cornell noCarl Wieman kanye nesazi sefiziksi saseJalimane uWolfgang Ketterle bakwazi ukubona ama-condensates okuqala e-Bose-Einstein. Ososayensi baseColorado basebenzisa i-rubidium-87, kuyilapho uKeitel eyithola ngegesi exutshwe kakhulu yama-athomu e-sodium.
Ngenxa yokuthi lokhu kuhlola kwavula umnyango womkhakha omusha wocwaningo lwezakhiwo ze-matter, u-Kettler, u-Cornell, no-Wieman bathola uMklomelo KaNobel ka-2001. Kungenxa yezinga lokushisa eliphansi kakhulu lapho ama-athomu egesi anezindawo ezithile akha isimo esihlelekile, konke lokho ukuphatha ukuthola amandla afanayo ancishisiwe kanye nomfutho, okungenzeki endabeni evamile.
Izici eziyinhloko
Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, udaba alunayo nje kuphela izifunda ezintathu eziyisisekelo zoketshezi, okuqinile, negesi, kodwa ngokuphambene nalokho, kukhona isimo sesine nesesihlanu okuyi-plasmatic ne-ionized. I-Bose-Einstein condensate ingenye yalezi zifunda futhi inezici ezimbalwa:
- Yisimo esihlanganisiwe esakhiwe iqoqo lama-bosons okuyizinhlayiya eziyisisekelo.
- Kuthathwa njengesimo sesihlanu sokuhlanganisa izinto ezingathathwa.
- Kwaqala ukubonwa ngo-1995, ngakho-ke kusha kakhulu.
- Inenqubo yokufingqa eduze noziro ophelele.
- Iwuketshezi olukhulu, okusho ukuthi inamandla ento okuqeda ukungqubuzana.
- I-superconducting futhi ayinakho ukumelana nogesi.
- Yaziwa nangokuthi i-quantum ice cube.
Umsuka we-condensate ye-Bose-Einstein
Uma igesi ivalelwe esitsheni, izinhlayiya ezakha igesi ngokuvamile zigcinwa kude ngokwanele ukuze kube nokuhlangana okuncane kakhulu, ngaphandle kokushayisana ngezikhathi ezithile kanye nezindonga zesitsha. Ngakho-ke imodeli yegesi ekahle eyaziwayo itholakala.
Nokho, izinhlayiya zisekunyakazeni okushisayo okungapheli, futhi izinga lokushisa liyipharamitha ewujuqu yejubane: izinga lokushisa liphakeme, zihamba ngokushesha. Nakuba ijubane lezinhlayiyana ngalinye lingahluka, isivinini esimaphakathi sesistimu sihlala singashintshile ezingeni lokushisa elinikeziwe.
Iqiniso elilandelayo elibalulekile ukuthi udaba luqukethe izinhlobo ezimbili zezinhlayiya: ama-fermions nama-bosons, ahlukaniswa nge-spin yawo (umfutho we-angular wangaphakathi), okuyi-quantum ngokuphelele ngokwemvelo. Isibonelo, ama-electron angama-fermions ane-half-integer spins, kuyilapho ama-boson ane-integer spins, okwenza ukuziphatha kwawo kwezibalo kuhluke.
Ama-Fermions athanda ukuhluka ngakho-ke lalela umgomo ka-Pauli wokukhiphela ngaphandle, ngokusho ukuthi ama-fermions amabili ku-athomu angeke abe nesimo se-quantum esifanayo. Lesi yisizathu esenza ukuthi ama-electron aku-orbitals ye-athomu ehlukene ngakho-ke awahlali endaweni efanayo ye-quantum.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-Bosons awawulaleli umgomo wokwenqaba futhi ngenxa yalokho awaphikisani nokuhlala endaweni efanayo ye-quantum. Ingxenye enzima yokuhlolwa igcina isistimu ipholile ngokwanele ukuze i-wavelength ye-de Broglie ihlale iphezulu.
Ososayensi baseColorado bakufeza lokhu ngokusebenzisa isistimu yokupholisa i-laser ebandakanya ukushaya amasampula e-athomu ngqo ngemishayo ye-laser eyisithupha, okubangela ukuba behlise ijubane ngokungazelelwe futhi ngaleyo ndlela banciphise kakhulu ukuphazamiseka kwabo okushisayo.
Ama-athomu anensa, apholile avaleleke endaweni kazibuthe, okuvumela ama-athomu asheshayo ukuthi abaleke ukuze aqhubeke nokupholisa isistimu. Ama-athomu avalelwe ngale ndlela akwazi ukwenza i-blob encane ye-condensate ye-Bose-Einstein isikhathi esifushane, eyahlala isikhathi eside ngokwanele ukuba iqoshwe esithombeni.
Aplicaciones
Enye yezinhlelo zokusebenza ezithembisayo kakhulu ze-Bose-Einstein condensate ingaphakathi ukwakhiwa kwemishini enembayo yokulinganisa isikhathi kanye nokutholwa kwamagagasi adonsela phansi. Ngenxa yokuthi ama-athomu ekuhambeni kwe-condensate njengebhizinisi elilodwa, anembe kakhulu kunamawashi e-athomu avamile futhi angasetshenziswa ukukala isikhathi ngokunemba okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili.
Esinye isici lapho lesi simo sesihlanu sendaba singasetshenziswa ku-quantum computing, engavumela ukwakhiwa kwamakhompiyutha anamandla kakhulu futhi asebenza kahle kakhulu kunawamanje. Ama-athomu aku-condensate angasetshenziswa njengama-qubits, izisekelo zokwakha zekhompuyutha ye-quantum, kanye nezakhiwo zazo ze-quantum zingenza ukubala okushesha kakhulu nokunembe kakhulu kunalokho okungenzeka ngamakhompyutha avamile. Yingakho kunezinkulumo eziningi mayelana namakhompyutha we-quantum kulezi zinsuku.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-condensate ye-Bose-Einstein iphinde isetshenziswe ocwaningweni lwe-physics kanye nasekwakheni izinto ezintsha ezinezakhiwo ezingavamile. Ngokwesibonelo, iye yasetshenziswa dala izinto ze-superconducting ezingaguqula imboni ye-electronics futhi uvumele ukudalwa kwamadivayisi asebenza kahle kakhulu futhi anamandla.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana ne-Bose-Einstein condensate, izici zayo kanye nezicelo.
