I-Paleozoic ihlukaniswe ngezikhathi eziningana ezithatha izigidi zeminyaka. Esinye salezi zinkathi yi- i-carboniferous. Kungumkhakha wesikhathi sokuma komhlaba oqala cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-359 edlule futhi waphela eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-299 edlule, okwenza kube nesikhathi I-Permian.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela zonke izici, i-geology, isimo sezulu, izimbali nezilwane zeCarboniferous.
Izici eziyinhloko
Kuso sonke lesi sikhathi, eNyakatho Melika ihlukaniswe yaba iPennsylvania neMississippi. Kulo lonke elaseYurophu kunezigatshana eziningana ezifana neNtshonalanga Yurophu ngakolunye uhlangothi kanye neRussia ngakolunye. Zombili lezi ziqephu kunzima ukuzixhumanisa kanye nezaseMelika. Izici eziyinhloko zalesi sikhathi ukuthi izindawo ezinkulu zamahlathi ziye zangcwatshwa ngokulandelana ngenxa yokuncipha kwamazinga okushisa embulunga yonke. Lezi zihlahla ezinkulu ezinamahlathi zabola izinto eziphilayo, okwenza kube nenqwaba yamalahle. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, lesi sikhathi sibizwa ngokuthi i-Carboniferous.
Kuyo yonke le nkathi, izinombolo ezinkulu zezinhlobo zakudala zezinhlanzi nazo seziphelile futhi izinhlobo zezinhlayiya namathambo ziye zanda. Ama-Amphibian aqala ukuhlasela izwe futhi izilwane ezihuquzelayo zaqala ukukhula, eyayizodlala indima ebalulekile kamuva I-Carboniferous ecosystem. Lezi zinhlobo zezilwane zinomvuthwandaba wazo ngesikhathi seJurassic. ICarboniferous ihlukaniswe nge-Upper and Lower Carboniferous. Ngesikhathi se-Upper Carboniferous, izinambuzane zazichichima, ezinye zazo zazinkulu, njengofeleba. Ojekamanzi bale nkathi babecishe babe ngamamitha amabili ngosayizi ngamaphiko avulekile, futhi izihlahla zazinde kangangokuba iningi lalingamamitha angama-60 ubude.
Yonke le ndawo yenziwa ngenxa yendawo enomoya omkhulu we-oxygen. Ngokwezibalo nocwaningo maqondana nalesi silinganiso somoya-mpilo singanela emkhathini iphesenti lama-35% lafinyelelwa, kwaba ngu-21% namuhla. I-Carboniferous, okuyisiteji emlandweni weplanethi yethu esebenza kakhulu ngokubuka kwe-tectonic. Sizoyihlaziya ngokuningiliziwe esigabeni esilandelayo.
I-Carboniferous geology
Ngalesi sikhathi kube nezinguquko ezinkulu ezingeni le-geological, njengemvelaphi ye-orogeny ye-Hercynian. Le orogeny iyona edala ukwakhiwa kwendawo enkulu ebizwa ngePangea. Khumbula ukuthi i-glaciation yaphela lapho izinguzunga zeqhwa zasakazeka khona enkabeni naseningizimu yePangea.
Ekuqaleni kwalesi sikhathi, ukwehla kwezinga lolwandle emhlabeni wonke okwenzeka ekupheleni kwe-Devonian kwahlehliswa. Phakathi nalezi zigidi zeminyaka, amazinga olwandle akhuphuka kancane kancane, okwenza ulwandle lwe-epicontinental lwande. Njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, kwaba nokwehla okujwayelekile kwezinga lokushisa elisendaweni epholile eningizimu. Wayecabanga ukuthi iGondwana eseningizimu yayineqhwa ngokuphelele phakathi naso sonke isikhathi. Nokho, zonke lezi zimo zemvelo azizange zibe nomthelela omkhulu ezindaweni ezishisayo. Kulezi zindawo zale planethi, amahlathi aluhlaza aqala ukwanda emaxhaphozini futhi kancane kancane athuthela enyakatho ngamadigri ambalwa, eqhela ezingoxweni zeqhwa zaseSouth Pole.
Ngokuqhubeka nesayensi yokwakheka komhlaba, singabona ukuthi ingxenye enkulu yeYurophu neNyakatho Melika yayitholakala enkabazwe. Lokhu kungabonakala ezitsheni ze-limestone zasendulo eziwugqinsi kakhulu. Isayensi enesibopho sokutadisha amadwala kanye nenhlangano yawo yesikhashana i-stratigraphy. Amatshe eCarboniferous eYurophu naseNyakatho Melika ayekhona ukulandelana okuqhubekayo kwamatshe e-limestone, ama-animists, ama-shales kanye nokufakwa kwamalahle. Le migqa yokulandelana yaziwa ngokuthi ama-cyclothems.
Isimo sezulu seCarboniferous
Ukuze sithole ukuqonda okwengeziwe ngalesi sikhathi, sonke isikhathi sihlukaniswa sibe yinkathi ye-Lower Carboniferous kanye ne-Upper Carboniferous. Ngesikhathi seLower Carboniferous, efinyelela umkhawulo, kube nokwehla kwezinga lolwandle emhlabeni wonke ngenxa yokwanda kwezinguzunga zeqhwa i-Gondwana. Lokhu kubangele ukwehla okukhulu kanye nokuphola kwesimo sezulu ezingeni lomhlaba jikelele. Lapho izinguzunga zeqhwa zisabalala, kwadalwa amachibi ahlukahlukene. izilwandle ezinkulu zase-Continental namachibi amakhulu e-carbon eMississippi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lokhu kwehla kwezinga lokushisa kwandiswa e-South Pole futhi kwaholela ekwakhekeni kwezinguzunga zeqhwa engxenyeni eseningizimu yeGondwana. Ucwaningo alucaci ngokuphelele ukuthi amashidi eqhwa aqala ukwakheka ngesikhathi se-Devonian noma cha. Kuphinde kwaba nokushabalala okukhulu kwazo zonke izinto eziphila olwandle ngenxa yalokhu kwehla kwezinga lolwandle, okwathinta ama-crinoid nama-ammonoid, okuholele ekulahlekeni okuphakathi kwama-40% nama-80% azo zonke izinhlobo zawo, ngokulandelana.
Manje siqhubekela ku-Upper Carboniferous. Ngesikhathi se-Upper Carboniferous, u-Gondwana wahlangana nezwekazi le-Old Sand Sandstone, elaziwa nangokuthi i-Euramerica. Lokhu kubangela izigaba ezinkulu zokwakheka kwe-Hercynian orogeny. Izinga lokushisa elibaluleke kakhulu le-latitudinal liye landiswa ngesikhathi se-Upper Carboniferous. Uma i-Iberia, ngaleso sikhathi eyayiseduze kwesinye isigxobo, nayo yayinezitshalo ezihlukile ezazijwayelana nezimo ezibandayo.
Izimbali nezilwane
Njengoba sishilo phambilini, izinhlanzi zaqala ukusabalala yize zahlehla ngenxa yokwehla kolwandle. Izilwane ezihuquzelayo zaqala ukwenza umhlaba ube ikoloni. Ukuba khona kwezindandatho eziningi ezimakwe kahle emifuleni yaseGondwana naseSiberia bakhombise ukuthi izimo zibanda impela. EYurophu naseNyakatho Melika lezi zindandatho zokukhula zazingekho. Isimo sezulu esishisayo saphela ngesikhathi i-Upper Carboniferous ishintsha kakhulu.
Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, ama-lycopodiophyte nama-sphenophyte ehle kakhulu kubantu bawo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-fern ayenembewu yiwo athola indima ebaluleke kakhulu futhi asakazeka kakhulu. Lokhu kubonakala kukhombisa ukuthi kwakumele bavumelane nezimo zezulu ezomile. Amalahle aqhubeka akha, kodwa ama-lycopodiophyte ayengasewona amagalelo ayinhloko. Ukuze uqonde kangcono ukuthi izilwane zakhula kanjani phakathi nalesi sikhathi, kuyathakazelisa ukuthintana nesigaba sethu se.
Ngalesi sikhathi kwakukhona izilwandle ezimbili ezinkulu ezazibusa umhlaba: i-Panthalassa ne-Paleo Tethys.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nenkathi yeCarboniferous, izici zayo, izitshalo nezilwane.
