Isikhathi se-Devonia

Isikhathi se-Paleozoic sinezigaba ezi-5 ezihlukaniswe ngezikhathi lapho izehlakalo ezahlukahlukene ezibaluleke kakhulu zebhayoloji nezomhlaba zenzekile. Namuhla sizokhuluma ngakho Isikhathi se-Devonia. Lesi sikhathi sithathe cishe iminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-56 lapho iplanethi yethu yathola ushintsho olukhulu, ikakhulukazi ezingeni lezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kodwa nasezingeni lomhlaba.

Kulesi sihloko sizogxila ekukutsheleni izici, isimo sezulu, i-geology, izitshalo nezilwane zesikhathi se-Devonia.

Izici eziyinhloko

Lesi sikhathi saqala cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-416 edlule futhi saphela cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-359 edlule. Njengenjwayelo, kufanele siphawule ukuthi kokubili ukuqala nokuphela kwenkathi akunembe kangako ngenxa yokungabi nalwazi olunembile. Lesi yisikhathi sesine senkathi yePaleozoic. Ngemuva kwenkathi ye-Devonia kufika i- Isikhathi se-carboniferous.

Ngalesi sikhathi kwakukhona ukuthuthukiswa okubanzi kwamaqembu ahlukahlukene ezilwane, ikakhulukazi lawo ahlala ezindaweni zasolwandle. Kwakukhona nezinguquko ezibalulekile ezindaweni zokuhlala zasemhlabeni njengoba kwavela izitshalo ezinkulu nezilwane zokuqala zasemhlabeni. Yize kube yisikhathi lapho impilo yayihlukahluka emazingeni amakhulu, i-Devonia nayo inegama elithandekayo njengesikhathi lapho inani elikhulu lezilwane laphela. Kunenkulumo yokuncipha kokucishwa kokuphila okungu-80% emhlabeni wethu.

Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, kwenzeka isenzakalo sokuqothulwa okukhulu, kwaqothula unomphela izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane ezazikhona ngaleso sikhathi. Ngenkathi sinenkathi ye-Devonian, ihlukaniswe izinkathi ezihlukene. Ake sibone ukuthi ziyini lezi zikhathi:

• I-Lower Devonian. Yakhiwa ngokulandelana ngeminyaka emi-3 ebizwa ngeLochkovian, Pragian ne-Emsian.
• I-Middle Devonian: yahlanganisa iminyaka emibili ebizwa ngokuthi u-Eifelian noGivetian
• I-Upper Devonian: lakhiwa amadolobha amabili abizwa ngeFrasniense neFameniense.

Ekupheleni kwalesi sikhathi kwaba nesinye sezehlakalo zokuqothulwa kwamazinga eplanethi okwadala ukulahleka okukhulu kwezinhlobo, ikakhulukazi lezo ezihlala olwandle lwengxenye eshisayo. Izinhlobo ezithinteke kakhulu ngamakhorali, inhlanzi, ama-crustaceans, ama-mollusks, phakathi kwabanye. Ngenhlanhla, izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane ezazihlala ezindaweni eziphila emhlabeni azizange zithintwe ukushabalala okukhulu. Ngakho-ke, ukunqotshwa kwendawo yokuhlala yasemhlabeni kungaqhubeka ngaphandle kwezinkinga eziningi kakhulu.

I-geology ye-Devonian

Lesi sikhathi simakwe ngomsebenzi omuhle wamapuleti we-tectonic. Kwakunokuthintwa okuningana okwakha ama-supercontinents amasha njengokumiswa kweLaurasia. Isifunda esikhulu sezwe esaziwa ngegama likaGondwana naso sakhiwa sanakekelwa. Yindawo enkulu yomhlaba ehlala sonke isikhala esisigxotsheni esiseningizimu yeplanethi.. Ingxenye esenyakatho yoMhlaba yayihlalwa yiSiberia kanye nolwandle olukhulu futhi olujulile iPanthalassa Ocean. Lonke ulwandle lwalumboze cishe lonke izwe elisenyakatho.

Ngokombono we-orogeny, lesi yisikhathi lapho kwaqala khona izinqubo ezahlukahlukene zokwakheka kwezintaba, phakathi kwazo esinazo Izintaba ze-Appalachian kanye nokunye ukwakheka komhlaba.

Isimo sezulu sesikhathi se-Devonia

Izimo zezulu ezazikhona emhlabeni wethu ngesikhathi seDevonia zazizinze ngokwedlulele. Ukuqhamuka kwamazinga okushisa omhlaba kwakushisa futhi kunomswakama ngezimvula eziningi. Kodwa-ke, isimo sezulu esomile nesomile sasikhona ngaphakathi kwenqwaba yezwekazi.

Isilinganiso sokushisa somhlaba jikelele siseduze kwama-degree angama-30. Njengoba isikhathi siqhubeka, ukwehla okuqhubekayo okuncane kwaba nakho, kwafinyelela kuma-degree angama-25. Kamuva ekupheleni kwesikhathi se-Devonia, amazinga okushisa ancipha aze afika kwesinye seziqhwa eziguqule umhlaba wethu kuwo wonke umlando.

ukuphila

Ngalesi sikhathi kube nezinguquko ezinkulu maqondana nezidalwa eziphilayo. Olunye lwalezi zinguquko ezibaluleke kakhulu kwaba ukunqotshwa okucacile kwemvelo yasemhlabeni. Ake siqale sihlaziye izimbali.

Flora

Esikhathini esingaphambi kwe-Devonian, izitshalo ezincane ze-vascular ezifana nama-ferns zase ziqalile ukukhula. Lawa ma-fern amancane ayezuza ukuthuthukiswa okukhulu ezicini ezahlukene, okumelela kakhulu ubukhulu bawo. Amanye amafomu ezitshalo nawo avele ebusweni bamazwekazi, njenge-lycopodiophytes. Kunezinhlobo zezitshalo ezingakwazanga ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zemvelo futhi zagcina sezishabalala.

Ukwanda kwezitshalo zasemhlabeni kwaletha njengomphumela ukwanda kokwanda komoya-mpilo owawukhona emoyeni kusukela lapho izitshalo zenze inqubo ye-photosynthesis ngenxa yemibala ye-chlorophyll. Ngenxa yalokhu, kwaba lula kakhulu ukuthi ukuphila kwasemhlabeni kusabalale kuwo wonke ama-ecosystem asemhlabeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu kwanda komoyampilo kwaba nemiphumela ezilwaneni zangaleso sikhathi.

Fauna

Ekugcineni, izilwane zihluka kakhulu ngesikhathi seDevonias siqala ngezinhlanzi. Lingelinye lamaqembu abhekane nokwanda okukhulu ezingeni labantu. Abaningi babiza le nkathi iminyaka yobudala bezinhlanzi. Izinhlobo ezinjenge AmaSarcopterygians, ama-Actinopterygii, ama-Ostracoderms namaSelacians. Lokhu kwanda kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle kubonakala nasezilwaneni zase-Devonian.

Izimbangela zokuqothulwa kwesikhathi se-Devonia

Njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, ekupheleni kwalesi sikhathi kwenzeka inqubo yokuqothulwa kwabantu abaningi. Kuthinte kakhulu izinhlobo eziphilayo zezilwandle. Ukuqothulwa kwaphela cishe iminyaka eyizigidi ezintathu. Izimbangela zalokhu kushabalala okukhulu yilezi ezilandelayo:

• Ama-meteor
• Ukwehla okubucayi kwamazinga e-oxygen ezilwandle
• Ukushisa kakhulu komhlaba
• Ukukhula kwezitshalo noma isisindo
• Umsebenzi omkhulu wentaba-mlilo

Phakathi kwezizathu esizinikezile kungase kube nokungabaza ngokukhula kwezitshalo. Ngalesi sikhathi, izitshalo ze-vascular zathuthukiswa zaba usayizi omkhulu, isilinganiso esingamamitha angama-30 ukuphakama ebusweni bamazwekazi. Lokhu kwaba nomphumela omubi, okwenza kube nokungalingani ezimweni zemvelo, njengoba lezi zitshalo zaqala ukumunca amanzi amaningi kanye nezakhamzimba ezivela enhlabathini ezazingase zisetshenziswe ezinye izidalwa eziphilayo. Lokhu kubangele ukulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.