I-Edaphology isayensi esencane impela inhloso yayo enkulu kuwukufunda umhlabathi. Ibonakale ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule futhi yafunda inhlabathi kuzo zonke izindawo zokubuka. Icwaninga i-morphology, ukwakheka, izakhiwo, ukwakheka, ukusatshalaliswa, i-taxonomy, usizo, ukubuyisela kanye nokongiwa. Kuyigatsha elibuye lifundwe kwisayensi yezemvelo, ngoba lisebenza kakhulu endaweni ezungezile.
Ngakho-ke, sizonikezela le ndatshana ukukutshela zonke izici, indawo yokufunda kanye nemiqondo ye-edaphology.
Izici eziyinhloko
Ku-edaphology, kunomqondo womhlabathi nomhlaba ovame ukudida. Nokho, inhlabathi ibhekwa njengongqimba olungaphezulu lwendawo eqinile yeplanethi. Lolu ngqimba lwakhiwa isimo sezulu samadwala lapho kunezimpande khona izitshalo. Umhlabathi yindawo ethile yemvelo yezinhlobo ezithile zezidalwa eziphilayo futhi ngenxa yawo zingakhula futhi zizalane. Kungashiwo futhi ukuthi umqondo womhlabathi uyingxube exegayo kakhulu noma encane yezingcezu zamatshe amancane kanye nezinto zemvelo ephilayo, kanye noketshezi namagesi ngezilinganiso eziguquguqukayo, ezitholakala namandla athile okukhiqiza.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi isayensi yenhlabathi ibalulekile emagatsheni amaningi. Isibonelo, lapho ufunda ukuthi inhlabathi iwusizo kangakanani kwezolimo, kubalulekile ukwazi zonke izingxenye zayo kanye namandla ayo okukhiqiza. Lapho kufundwa izinhlayiya zenhlabathi, izici ezithile ezibalulekile kufanele zibhekwe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izici zendawo lapho itholakala khona kanye nezici ezithile zenhlabathi. Phakathi kwalezi zici sinesakhiwo, i-morphology kanye nezakhiwo.
Lapho sihlaziya izici zendawo yokwenza ucwaningo kusayensi yezomhlabathi, kufanele sinake izici ezibalulekile. Lokhu kungokulandelayo:
- Isimo se-Terrain: sihambisana nesici sokukhululeka lapho kwakhiwe khona inhlabathi.
- I-Slope: i-slope yizinga lokuthambekela kokukhululeka. Kunconywa ukunquma umthambeko ngokunembe ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngokuvamile kubhekiselwa maphakathi nomthambeka lapho inhlabathi itholakala khona.
- Izimila: Uhlaza olusetshenziswa ezweni luyahlolwa ukuze kutholwe uhlobo lokutshalwa kwalo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi okokwenziwa noma okwemvelo, okukhona. Uma sibhekisela ezitshalweni zokwenziwa, sibhekisela ezitshalweni ezitshalwa abantu, ezibalulekile esimweni sezolimo.
- Isimo Sezulu: Isimo sezulu sithathwa emininingwaneni enikezwe iziteshi zesimo sezulu. Kuye ngesimo sezulu sendawo, izici zenhlabathi yayo ngokuvamile ziyahlukahluka, njengoba kwenzeka phansi kwehlathi.
Izici ze-edaphology
Sizobona ukuthi yiziphi izici ezisemqoka ze-edaphology ezihlobene nezimpawu zenhlabathi. Okokuqala okumele kufundelwe enhlabathini yi-morphology yayo. Kusukela ku-morphology, i-horizons, umbala, ukuthungwa, i-porosity, isici semvelaphi yezinto eziphilayo, okwenziwa ngabantu nokwakhiwa kuyafundwa. Zonke lezi zici zibalulekile ukuhlaziya inhlabathi ngokuphelele. Sizobona ukuthi wonke la maphuzu ayini nokuthi amayelana nani.
Amakhemikhali e-Edaphic
I-Horizons ibhekisela ezinhlobonhlobo ze-morphological zomhlabathi ukumisa uhlelo oluqinile lokuqamba amagama. Iqokwe ngofeleba olubonisa uhlobo lofuzo. Ezinye izinhlamvu zisetshenziselwa i-organic horizons, ezinye ze-mineral horizons, kanti ezinye zisetshenziselwa ukuhlonza izendlalelo ezenziwe ngezinto zangempela, eziguqulelwe ezingeni elikhulu noma elincane. Ezinye izinhlamvu zingase zihambisane nezinye ukuze zichaze isici esibalulekile esingafakiwe encazelweni yosonhlamvukazi abahambisanayo. Ngokuvamile kuyinombolo.
Ama-horizons oguquko yilawo atholakala phakathi kwemibhalo emibili. Ngale ndlela, siyabona ukuthi la ma-horizons anezakhiwo ezixubile futhi kunzima ukuthambekela kwenye yazo. Ama-horizons axubile yilawo atholakala phakathi kwama-horizons amabili amakhulu axhumene ngendlela yokuthi akhe ingxube ephelele. Ihlukile kolunye uguquko phakathi kwazo zombili izakhiwo ezixutshwe ngokuphelele, okudala intshisekelo ethile ezifundweni ze izinhlobo zenhlabathi.
Umbala nokuthungwa kwisayensi yenhlabathi
Umbala wesitezi uhluka kakhulu kepha futhi ubaluleke kakhulu. I-matrix ye-horizons nobukhona bamabala kwehlukile lapho kukhonjwa izinhlobo zenhlabathi. Wonke amaminerali abalulekile akha ingxenyen yobumba amhlophe ngokombala. Kodwa-ke, akuwona lo mbala ojwayelekile okhishwa phansi onawo. Umbala ngokwawo awuyona impahla engenamsebenzi, kepha kunalokho usinikeza izici eziningi ekwakhiweni kwenhlabathi nokuziphatha kwayo.
Ngokuqondene nokuthungwa, yindlela izinhlayiya zomhlabathi ezisatshalaliswa ngayo ngosayizi. Ukuzimisela kwayo kufanele kwenziwe ngokuhlaziywa okuhambisanayo. Kodwa-ke, enkundleni ungabona ngokungaqondile amabhola amancane phakathi kweminwe ukuze wazi ukuthi hlobo luni lokuhlangana oluzayo. Ngokuhlangenwe nakho okuthile, kungenzeka ukuhlukanisa izinhlobo eziningana zemibhalo yenhlabathi, ehlobene nokufunda Andosols.
Ukulangazelela, izici nokusebenza kwabantu
Ukunqunywa kwe-porosity kufanele kwenziwe ngezindlela ezingaqondile kanye nokungena. Ubudlelwano phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo ezimbili busiza ekunqumeni ukuminyana kanye nokugcinwa kwamanzi enhlabathini. Umthamo wokugcina amanzi ubalulekile uma umhlabathi uzosetshenziselwa ukulima noma ukulima, njengoba kushiwo ezifundweni ezimbalwa zomhlabathi. Zonke zingasazisa ngenani eliphelele lezimbotshana ezikhona enhlabathini. Ayisibonisi indlela ama-pores asakazwa ngayo emhlabeni wonke, noma ukuma kwawo noma ukuma kwawo. Nokho, iwulwazi olubalulekile ezicini ezithile zomhlabathi.
Esinye isici esiphawulekayo ukucekelwa phansi okulinganiselwe phakathi kwama-horizons enhlabathi ahlukahlukene. Ezimweni eziningi ngokuvamile kwanele ukuchaza ukuziphatha okufanayo. Uma sibhekisela ezicini zemvelaphi yezinto eziphilayo, sichaza ukuba khona kwesilwane noma ubufakazi baso ngesikhathi esithile. Isibonelo, kungase kube khona izinsalela ezivela ku-metamorphosis, amagalari, izidleke, njll. okuyizici zokuba khona kwesilwane. Umsebenzi womuntu ubalulekile futhi ukuhlaziya emhlabathini ozosetshenziselwa le njongo. Ukuba khona kwezingcezu ze-Lozada, imfucumfucu, izimpawu zikadoti noma noma yiziphi izinto ezingaphandle komhlabathi kanye nobufakazi bokungenelela komuntu kubalulekile ukuhlaziya, njengoba kushiwo endabeni Umhlabathi njengethuluzi lokulwa nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi nge-edaphology nokuthi iwufunda kanjani umhlabathi.